Ammonium borate compounds

Ammonium borate compounds with a lower pKa, such as [2-CN-pyridine-(N)Me][B(C6Fs)4] (pKa = -0.3), showed a higher activity than those with a... 

Effective glow retardants for wood are the ammonium phosphates, ammonium borates, boric acid, phosphoric acid, and compounds that yield phosphoric acid during pyrolysis (3,5). ... 

Boron compounds have been used in several ways to achieve reduced flammability of wood products. Borax and boric acid can be incorporated into particle board chips before addition of a dicyan-diamide, phosphoric acid, amino-resin system 85). They can also be used to produce a fire-retardant hardboard. Riem and Dwars 86) added water-soluble ammonium borate to wood fibers before the board was formed. A 6-7% boron content produced a hardboard that had a flame spread of 25 or less. 

Antimony trioxide (SbaOj). It is produced from stibnite (antimony sulphide). Some typical properties are density 5.2-5.67 g/cm- pH of water suspension 2-6.5 particle size 0.2-3 p,m specific surface area 2-13 m-/g. Antimony trioxide has been the oxide universally employed as flame retardant, but recently antimony pentoxide (SbaOs) has also been used. Antimony oxides require the presence of a halogen compound to exert their fire-retardant effect. The flame-retarding action is produced in the vapour phase above the burning surface. The halogen and the antimony oxide in a vapour phase (above 315 C) react to form halides and oxyhalides which act as extinguishing moieties. Combination with zinc borate, zinc stannate and ammonium octamolybdate enhances the flame-retarding properties of antimony trioxide. 

Borazine originally was obtained by the reaction of ammonia with diborane.1 Mixtures of lithium or sodium tetrahydro-borate with ammonium chloride also have been pyrolyzed to yield this product.2 More recently, the reduction of B,B, B"-trichloroborazine with alkali metal hydroborates has proved to be a convenient laboratory-scale method for the preparation of this compound.3-7 The procedure described herein is a variation of the last method as reported by Dahl and Schaeffer.7 This method is effective for the synthesis of iV-substituted alkyl- and arylborazines, i.e., compounds of the formula (HBNR)3 where R is CH3, C2H6, C6H , C6H5, p-C6H4CH3, or p-C6H4OCH3.5... 

Nitrite substitutes can be divided into seven chemical categories (1) amine benzoates (2) fatty acid amines (3) phosphate or carbonate silicates (4) organophosphates (5) amine borates (6) alkanolamines and (7) quaternary ammonium compounds ("quats"). Thus, the technology already exists for replacing nitrite with no loss in rust protection. However, most replacements for nitrite are more expensive, less effective, less likely to be compatible with other additives, and work by a different mechanism (12). It is therefore not surprising that fluids containing nitrite are still relatively com mon. 

Several explosive salts including the acetylide, azide, borate, bromate, chlorate, chromate, iodate (and ammonium iodate double salt), nitrite, perchlorate (and ammonium perchlorate double salt), periodate, permanganate, picrate and trinitrobenzoate were prepared. The 3 latter salts and the acetylide, azide and bromate are impact-sensitive detonators [1], It appears probable that many of the explosively unstable compounds [2], formed in various ways from interaction of mercury or its compounds with ammonia or its salts, may have the common polymeric structure now recognised for Millon s base [3], This is a silica-like network of N+ and Hg in 4- and 2-coordination, respectively, with OH and water in the interstitial spaces. Individually indexed compounds are Poly(dimercuryimmonium acetylide)... 

NMR (CeDg, 125.7 MHz, 25°C) 139.8, 132.5, 128.8-129.1 (overlapping resonances), 124.6, 17.0 (br). B NMR (CgDg, 128.3 MHz, 25°C) -10.96 ppm. The compound is a versatile precursor to a wide range of transition metal complexes supported by the tris(phosphino)borate ligand. It is air- and water-stable for extended periods, and, unlike the lithium and ammonium salts of [PhB(CH2PPh2)3] , it is both soluble and stable in chloroform and dichloromethane for days, making these useful solvents available for subsequent trans-metallation chemistry. 

The electrical conductivities of soln. of a great many compounds in liquid hydrogen halides have been measured by E. H. Archibald and D. McIntosh. The conductivity is raised considerably by phosphoryl chloride. Sodium sodium sulphide, borate, phosphate, nitrate, thiosulphate, and arsenate chromic anhydride potassium nitrate, hydroxide, chromate, sulphide, bisulphate, and ferro- and ferri- cyanide ammonium fluoride and carbonate j rubidium and caesium chloride magnesium sulphate calcium fluoride ... 

In the early 1940 s, a new inorganic chemical, not having the toxicity of some of the others, was introduced. The compound, ammonium sulfamate, proved quite effective as an arbori-cide, applied either in frills or sprayed on the entire plant (3,4). During this era also, various borates were used to maintain firebreaks in forests through control of both herbaceous and shrubby plants (5). 

The SrO 3B203 4H20 compound, occurring as tunellite, can be synthesized from the reaction between ammonium pentaborate and strontium salts. It was the first borate to be identified as possessing the hexaborate anion (Section III,A). The pentahydrate, 1 3 5, is stable in the SrO-B203-H ) system within the temperature range 0-100°C. Several routes to its preparation have been reported (206), and its dehydration has recently been studied (197). 

Boron compounds such as borax and boric acid are well-known fire retardants in cellulosic products and coatings.12 However, the use of boron compounds such as zinc borate, ammonium pent-aborate (APB), melamine borate, boric oxide, boron phosphate, and other metal borates in polymers has become prominent only since early 1980s.3 6 This chapter will review the chemical and physical properties, the end-use applications, as well as the mode of actions of major boron compounds as fire retardants in different applications. Since boron-based flame retardants are extensively used and quoted in literature, only those formulations of commercial importance and representative literature examples will be discussed and/or cited in this chapter. 

---