Ammonia, liquid

The Rijnmond area is that part of the Rhine delta between Rotterdam and the North Sea. The Commission for the Safety of the Population at large (COVO) commissioned the study for six chemicals and the operations associated with them acrylonitrile, liquid ammonia, liquid chlorine, LNG, propylene, and part of a separation process (diethanolamine stripper of a hydrodesulfurizer). The study objectives were to evaluate methods of risk assessment and obtain experience with practical applications of these methods. The results were to be used to decide to what extent such methods can be used in formulating safety policy. The study was not concerned with the acceptability of risk or the acceptability of risk reducing measures. 

As far as refrigeration is concerned, this system produces ammonia liquid as the refrigerant that is evaporated in the process unit requiring the refrigeration. In principle this is the same operation at the evaporator as if the system were one of compression. The method of removal of the heat of the ammonia vapor and then the reliquelaction are the points of difference between the systems. 

Ammonia is a pungent, toxic gas that condenses to a colorless liquid at — 33°C. The liquid resembles water in its physical properties, including its ability to act as a solvent for a wide range of substances. Because the dipole moment of the NH3 molecule (1.47 D) is lower than that of the H20 molecule (1.85 D), salts with strong ionic character, such as KCI, cannot dissolve in ammonia. Salts with polarizable anions tend to be more soluble in ammonia than are salts with greater ionic character. For example, iodides are more soluble than chlorides in ammonia. Liquid ammonia undergoes much less autoprotolysis than water ... 

Ammonia liquid, isotope exchange reactions of organic compounds in, 1, 156... 

HF is that it attacks glass, so containers must be made of some inert material such as Teflon, a polytet-rafluoroethylene. The data for this nonaqueous solvent are shown in Table 10.4. As expected from the rather high heat of vaporization (which lies between the values for water and liquid ammonia) liquid HF has a liquid range that spans over 100 °C and a relatively high boiling point. 

Treatment of granules with such reagents as liquid ammonia, liquid hydrocyanic acid, formaldehyde, formic acid, and alkalis causes swelling at room temperature, but little is known of the effects of such treatments. 

The many factors outlined above which affect reaction rates suggest that considerable caution is advisable when utilising laboratory data for the design of large-scale reactors. It is essential first to locate the reaction volume or volumes. This, in the case of the absorption of CO2 into aqueous ammonia liquid discussed above, the fast reaction between dissolved CO2 and dissolved ammonia occurs in a small volume of liquid close to the gas—liquid interface. The forward reaction rate is, therefore, proportional to the gas—liquid interfacial area. The conversion of the initially fomed NH2COONH4 to (NH4)2COa by hydrolysis is a much slower reaction and takes place throughout the whole volume of the liquid phase. Similarity would therefore dictate that the interfacial area per unit liquid volume should be the same in experimental and full-scale reactors. 

Linear Alcohols (12-15 Carbons) Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Liquid Ammonia Liquid Asphalt Liquid Asphalt Liquid Bleach Liquid Gum Camphor... 

Another application of tumblers is to the manufacture of mixed fertilizers, in which solid ammonium nitrate, liquid ammonia, liquid phosphoric acid, and liquid sulfuric acid are charged separately and reacted. The incidental agglomeration is excessive, however, and the process must be followed by appropriate crushing and size classification. 

The impure material is dissolved in cold 2% ammonia, using 75ml for each lOg of aquo-chloride. The ammoniaeal liquid is filtered to remove any small amount of hexammine salt, and then treated with HCl as described under Method... 

---