Aminoacids biochemical

Dl. Dalgliesh, C. E., Unspecific hydroxylation reactions in the metabolism of aromatic aminoacids. Biochem. J. 58, Proc. xiv (1954). 

The Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (CBN) of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) has issued many recommendations and rules on peptides and amino acids. These recommendations and rules concern nomenclature, notations, abbreviations, symbols, etc. (see www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/ and www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/). 

Fig. 6.1. IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature rules defining residues and peptide units in peptides. In the example shown, residue No. 2 contains the backbone atoms N2, C2, and C2. Peptide unit No. 2 contains the backbone atoms C2, C2, and Nf. Rj, R2, and R3 are the side chains of the amino acid residues (www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/).

E5. Evered, D. F., Excretion of aminoacids by the human. A quantitative study with ion-exchange chromatography. Biochem. J. 62,416-427 (1956). 

H32. Hurley, K. E., and Williams, R. J., Urinary aminoacids, creatinine and phosphate in muscular dystrophy. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 64, 384-391 (1955). 

W10. Westall, R. G., The aminoacids and other ampholytes of urine. 3. Unidentified substances excreted in normal human urine. Biochem. J. 60, 247-255 (1955). 

The abbreviations for common aminoacids are those recommended by IUPAC-IUB Comission on Biochemical Nomenclature. Other abbreviations useful in describing the replacements of aminoacids in the natural LH-RH peptide are following ... 

A recent example of zeolite-catalyzed esterification involving biochemicals is the reaction of aminoacids with methanol. For instance, L-phenylalanine was converted to its methyl ester over H-USY at 130°C. However, the chiral carbon atom was racemized to a considerable extent, yielding an eventual ee of 52% (27). In the reaction of a, (3-unsaturated acids with phenols, the esterification over H-Beta is followed by an alkylation of the aromatic ring for instance resorcinol and acrylic acid react to form 7-hydroxy-3,4-dihydrocoumarin (28). 

From both a biochemical and a synthetical point of view the synthesis of hydrogenated uracils by direct reduction of the pyrimidine ring is a reaction of considerable importance. These reduced uracils bear a similar relationship to /3-aminoacids as the hydantoins do to a-aminoacids. A practical method of reducing uracil combinations, therefore, opens up a new method of synthesizing representatives of this important class of... 

A. J. P. Martin and R. L. M. Synge, Separation of higher monoaminoacids by counter-current liquid-liquid extraction. The aminoacid composition of wool, /. Biochem. 35 (1941), 91-121. 

K34. Komer, A., Incorporation of radioactive aminoacids into serum albumin by isolated rat-liver ribosomes. Biochem. J. 83, 69-74 (1962). 

Kinases, also referred to as phosphotransferases, are key modulators of a variety of cellular and biochemical pathways and are known to phosphorylate a host of substrates including lipids, proteins, nucleotides, aminoacids and carbohydrates, thereby facilitating intracellular signaling. From a traditional standpoint, the inhibition of dysregulated kinases has received considerable focus in drug discovery to treat a number of diseases such as inflammation, cancer and diabetes. 

Malinka, Z., Harazim, P., Bfemek, J. and Valik, J. (1987) Influence of aminoacids in ergot alkaloid biosynthesis. Bulletin Cs. spol. biochem. pfi CSAV, 15, 107 (In Czech). 

Gale, E. F. and Paine, T. F. (1951) The assimilation of aminoacids by bacteria. 12. The action of inhibitors and antibiotics on the accumulation of free glutamic acid and the formation of combined glutamate in Staphylococcus aureus. Biochem. J. 48, 298-301. 

Biochemical Processing. Potential ELM applications in biochemical processing (44) include the separation of aminoacids (L-phenylalanine), biochemicals (acrylic and propionic acids), and antibiotics (penicillin G) from fermentation broths. A typical ELM system for the recovery of L>phenylalanine from fermentation broths is given in Table DC (45,46). The recovery from a broth containing 12-35 g/L of L-phenylalanine can be about 80% with a single batch extraction. Hong et al. (45) obtained a recovery of about 99% with four serial batch extractions in simulating their proposed continuous process with mixer-settler extractors. 

Several hormonal polypeptides with differmit structure and physiological properties share the ability of prooaoting insulin x elease. Either a relatively single aminoacid sequmice retains this ability, or a single biochemical system is influenced by a number of different polypeptides. More work is necessary to develop this point vdiich holds many important i ysiological and therapeutic implications. 

Fields, J.H.A., Eng, A.K., Ramsden, W.D., Hochachka, P.W., and Weinstein, B. (1980) Alanopine and strombine are novel aminoacids produced by a deshydrogenase foimd in the adductor muscle of the oystei Crassostrea gigas. Arch. Biochem. Biophys.. 20,110-114. 

---