Amine Functional Groups

Organic compounds containing a hydroxyl, carbonyl, or amine functional group adjacent to a hydoxyl or carbonyl group can be oxidized using metaperiodate, 104 , as an oxidizing titrant. 

Cycloaliphatic amines are comprised of a cyclic hydrocarbon stmctural component and an amine functional group external to that ring. Included in an extended cycloaUphatic amine definition ate aminomethyl cycloaUphatics. Although some cycloaUphatic amine and diamine products have direct end use apphcations, their major function is as low cost organic intermediates sold as moderate volume specification products. 

Figure 19 The scanning electron micrographs of the polystyrene seed latex and the copolymer latices carrying carboxyl, hydroxyl and amine functional groups, (a) PS/PAA, (b) PS HEMA, (c) PS/PDMAEM. The original SEM photographs were taken with 10,000 x magnification and reduced at a proper ratio to place the figure. (From Ref. 93. Reproduced with the permission of John Wiley Sons, Inc.)...

By the end of this chapter, we will have seen all the common functional groups. Of those groups, amines and carbonyl compounds are the most abundant and have the richest chemistry. In addition to the proteins and nucleic acids already mentioned, the majority of pharmaceutical agents contain amine functional groups, and many of the common coenzymes necessary for biological catalysis are amines. 

A number of ketones, pharmaceutical compounds, alcohols and hydroxy acids have also been resolved on this phase [724,765-767]. A chiral polysiloxane phase with tartramide substituents has been used for the separation of enantiomers capable of hydrogen bonding interactions with the stationary phase, such as enantiomers containing carboxylic, hydroxyl and amine functional groups [768]. 

Typically in ring-opening reactions of aziridines, the amine functional group is retained in the product molecule. An example of such a reaction where the amine group has been lost has recently been reported <06TL977>. An intramolecular Friedel-Craft reaction of aziridine 91 leads to the expected product as an intermediate. Under the rather drastic reaction conditions, the sulfonamide is lost leading to formation of the naphthalene ring. 

Figure 25.14 An amine derivative of dextran may be prepared through a two-step process involving the reac-tion of chloroacetic acid with the hydroxyl groups of the polymer to create carboxylates. Next, ethylene diamine is coupled in excess using a carbodiimide-mediated reaction to give the primary amine functional groups.

Figure 27.3 The reaction of cytosine with bisulfite in the presence of an excess of an amine nucleophile (such as a diamine compound) leads to transamination at the N-4 position. This process is a route to adding an amine functional group to cytosine residues in oligonucleotides.

Absorbents based on a variety of amines are by far the most common. Amines that have been used include monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), triethanolamine (TEA), diisopropanolamine (DIPA), methyl diethanolamine (MDEA), and digly-colamine (DGA). C02 is typically absorbed at 80-140°F temperature and up to 1000 psig pressure by chemically reacting with the basic amine functional group in the absorbent, for example, primary amine, MEA, reacts with C02 by the following reaction forming a carbamate salt ... 

NADH, containing a tertiary amine functional group, has been readily determined by Ru(bpy)32+ ECL. However the oxidized form, NAD+, containing an aromatic secondary amine group produces virtually no ECL signal. This had led to a variety of indirect enzymic methods of analysis, where the activity of the enzyme results in the conversions between NAD+ and NADH. These are discussed in Sec. 8. 

Preliminary results of DNA sequence detection using the OFRR are thoroughly described by Suter, et al.32 The experimental setup described above for tracking the resonant mode shift is used. An OFRR with RI sensitivity of about 7 nm/RIU was produced and used for these experiments. The OFRR surface was functionalized with 3APS and then DMA was used as an amine-amine crosslinker. The single-stranded oligonucleotide capture probe was synthesized with an amine functional group connected to the 5 end by a 6-carbon linker, and has a 25 base-pair sequence. ... 

Enzymatic transformations of alkaloids by peroxidases most probably occur by single-step oxidations catalyzed by the HRP-I and HRP-II forms of the enzyme. The catalysis of one-electron oxidations of compounds containing aromatic hydrocarbon, hydrazine, phenol, hydroxamic acid, and amine functional groups has been recently reviewed (45, 58, 82). A brief summary of those HRP reactions that involve functional groups most commonly occurring in alkaloids is presented below. 

Distribution of amine functional groups equivalent to epoxide functionality. 

AuC14 ions have been stabilized by organically modified sol-gel monomers of the type (MeO)3Si-X-NH2 (X = alkyl spacer) containing amine functional groups. The... 

The use of the anion-exchange resin Duolite A-7 for concentrating organic acids was reported as early as 1965 by Abrams and Breslin (7) and more recently by Leenheer (8). A-7 is a high-surface-area, macro-porous, phenol-formaldehyde, weak-base resin. This resin combines weak-base, secondary-amine functional groups with the relatively hydrophilic phenol-formaldehyde matrix to effectively sorb and elute organic acids. 

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