Amines, functional groups among

We ve now seen all the common functional groups that occur in hiomolecules. Of those groups, amines are among the most abundant and have among the richest chemistry. In addition to proteins and nucleic acids, the majority of pharmaceutical agents contain amine functional groups and many of the common coenzymes necessary for biological catalysis are amines. 

Proteins, among the most important and versatile biological compounds, consist of nitrogen-containing molecules called a-amino acids. In proteins, each amine functional group of one tt-amino acid is bonded to the carbonyl carbon of another a-amino acid in a chain of amino acyl groups that... 

The relative reactivity of a-haloacetates toward protein functional groups is sulfhydryl > imidazolyl > thioether > amine. Among halo derivatives the relative reactivity is I > Br > Cl > F, with fluorine being almost unreactive. The oc-haloacetamides have the same trend of relative reactivities, but will create a terminal amide group not a terminal carboxylate. 

Advances have been achieved in recent years, such as the use of CL reagents as labels to derivatize and sensitively determine analytes containing amine, carboxyl, hydroxy, thiol, and other functional groups and their application in HPLC and CE [35, 36], the synthesis and application of new acridinium esters [37], the development of enhanced CL detection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labels [38], the use of immobilization techniques for developing CL-based sensors [39-42], some developments of luminol-based CL in relation to its application to time-resolved or solid-surface analysis [43], and the analytical application of electrogenerated CL (ECL) [44-47], among others. 

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