Amaranth seeds

Another likely commercial starch is that from amaranth seed, an expanding crop for food use, particularly its flour. Amaranth starch granules (1—3 micrometers dia) have potential for numerous food appHcations, one of which is as a fat replacer because of their small size and especially after minor surface hydrolysis with a-amylase or glucoamylase to produce a fluffy surface (see Fat replacers). 

While the DCM pretreatment itself had no significant effect on the germination of the amaranth seed over 7 days, the chondrillasterol produced the effects observed in Table V. The effects of... 

The efficiency of vitamins, medicinal plants and agricultural vegetable produce in acute and subacute poisonings from lewisite in white rats has been studied. Amaranth seeds, which are very rich in amino acids combinations, have demonstrated the highest efficiency. 

In order to achieve long term stability in society, industry should focus on renewable sources both as raw material and as process chemicals. Therefore, renewable raw material has been searched for to give a source of squalene, for example olive oil (5,6) and amaranth seed oil (7,8). Another component of interest in olive oil pomace is a-tocopherol, which is traditionally considered as the major antioxidant of olive oil. 

The two pseudoguaianolides confertiflorin (17) and its desacetyl derivative (18), both Isolated from A. confertlflora, show considerable differences in activity. Sorghum (87%) and ryegrass (86%) are inhibited and wheat (111%), clover (112%) and Palmer amaranth (111%) are promoted by 17. To the contrary, ryegrass (114%) is promoted by 18 while most other seeds show little effects. 

Calein A (24) which contains one a, 0-unsaturated ketone, ester and lactone moiety has only minor effects on most seed germinations but strongly inhibits Palmer amaranth (75%) at the 0.05 mM level. 

The dlterpene lactone 17-acetoxyacanthoaustralide (25) has minor effects, showing promotion of clover (112%), cucumber (109%) and Palmer amaranth (111%) and inhibition of carrot germination (91%). The flavonoid artemetin (26) at 0.05 mM concentrations slightly affects onion (93%), oat (91%) and promotes seed germinations In carrot (116%) and Palmer amaranth (113%). In closing, it is noteworthy to point out that lettuce and cress are not significantly affected by all ten sesquiterpene lactones as well as the dlterpene (25) and artemetin (26). 

Parallel studies of extracts and mixtures of compounds isolated from ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., were also made. Water extracts of ragweed proved highly inhibitory of seed germination. Mixed sesquiterpenes isolated from ragweed were very inhibitory of onion, oat, ryegrass, and Palmer amaranth germination when applied in a dichloromethane solution pretreatment. 

Some Palmer amaranth samples prepared at SRRC were first extracted with hexane (HX), rather than PE. The organic solvent extracts were supplied for bioassay in the form of oils or solids remaining after solvent removal in vacuo. After each extraction step aliquots of the crude extracts from the roots, stems, or leaves (and thyrses) were evaluated for seed germination regulatory activity. 

Table I. Seed Species Used to Determine In Vitro Germination Regulatory Activity of Palmer Amaranth and Ragweed Extracts...

Palmer Amaranth Extracts. The aqueous extracts made from senescent Palmer amaranth leaves and thyrses after seed development and dispersal had little effect on any of the seeds tested (Table II). 

Table II. Effects of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus Palmeri) Extracts on Seed Germination... 

Table III. Effects of Isolated and Identified Chemical Constituents of Palmer Amaranth on Seed Germination...

The fourth isolated and identified compound from Palmer amaranth is chondri 11 asterol (5a-stigmasta-7,22-dien-30-ol), a sterol closely related structurally to the major plant sterols, stigmasterol and sitosterol. This compound, isolated as the free sterol, is not soluble in water or 0.1% DMS0, and germination bioassays required pretreatment of the test seed with a 0.1 mM solution of the sterol in DCM. 

Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) is cultivated as an ornamental plant, and also of recent years as an edible non-cereal seed. Many interspecies hybrids have high tolerance to salinity and the capacity to absorb heavy metals. 

Amaranthus hypochondrionacus (Amaranthaceae) [seed] Amaranth trypsin inhibitor (AmTl) (8 kDa 2 Cys 1 S-S) Trypsin (K45D46) [437]... 

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