Alzheimer s disease neuropathology

Richards SJ, Waters JJ, Beyreuther K, Masters CL, Wischik CM, Sparkman DR, White CL, III, Abraham CR, Dunnett SB (1991) Transplants of mouse trisomy 16 hippocampus provide a model of Alzheimer s disease neuropathology. EMBO J 10 297-303. 

Carrera I, Etcheverrfa I, Fernandez-Novoa L, Lombardi V, Cacabelos R, Vigo C (2012) Vaccine development to treat Alzheimer s disease Neuropathology in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012 376138. doi 10.1155/2012/376138... 

Hashimoto M, Bogdanovic N, Volkmann I et al (2010) Analysis of microdissected hmnan neurons by a sensitive ELISA reveals a correlation between elevated intracellular concentrations of Abeta42 and Alzheimer s disease neuropathology. Acta Nemopathol 119 543-554... 

Bertram, L. and Tanzi, R. Genetics of Alzheimer s disease. In D. Dickson (ed.), Neurodegeneration- The Molecular Pathology of Dementia and Movement Disorders. Basel ISN Neuropathology Press, 2003, pp. 40-46. 

On the one hand, the biochemical study of the neuro-pathological lesions led to the identification of their main molecular components. On the other hand, the study of rare, familial forms of Alzheimer s disease, frontotemporal dementia and Parkinson s disease led to the identification of gene defects that cause inherited variants of the different diseases. Remarkably, in these cases, the defective genes have been found to encode or increase the expression of the main components of the neuropathological lesions. It has therefore been established that the basis of the familial forms of these diseases is a toxic property conferred by mutations in the proteins that make up the filamentous lesions. A corollary of this insight is that a similar toxic property may also underlie the much more common, sporadic forms of the diseases. 

The development of the neurofibrillary pathology is not random. It follows a stereotyped pattern with regard to affected nerve cell types, cellular layers and brain regions, with little inter-individual variation. This has been used to define six neuropathological stages of Alzheimer s disease [28]. The very first nerve cells in the brain to develop... 

Professor, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience Director, Division of Neuropathology Director, Alzheimer s Disease Research Center The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Ross 558, 720 Rutland Avenue Baltimore, Maryland 21205... 

Neuroanatomical and neuropathological basis of Alzheimer s disease Histological features of Alzheimer s disease include neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (Boiler and Duyckaerts 1997). Neuritic plaques are composed of extracellular deposits of j8-amyloid protein and apolipoprotein E and are found primarily in neocortex. j8-amyloid is derived from an amyloid precursor protein, and is suspected to be a chief causal factor in Alzheimer s disease pathology (Samuel et al. 1997). Neurofibrillary tangles are clusters of protein fibers found in the cell body and composed of tau protein, which normally serves as a cytoskeletal element. Neurofibrillary tangles progress from entorhinal cortex to hippocampus, and then to neocortical areas. 

Terry RD Alzheimer s disease, in Textbook of Neuropathology. Edited by Davis RL, Robertson DM. Baltimore, MD, Williams Wilkins, 1985, pp 824-841 Tesar GE, Rosenbaum JF Recognition and management of panic disorder. Adv Intern Med 28 123-149, 1993... 

To review the neuropathology of Alzheimer s disease, and its relationship to the amyloid cascade hypothesis and the glutamate excitotoxic hypothesis of Alzheimer s disease. 

Wenk G. L. (2006). Neuropathologic changes in Alzheimer s disease potential targets for treatment. J. Clin. Psychiatry 67 Suppl 3 3-7. 

Alzheimer s disease (AD) is neuropathologically characterized by a buildup of extracellular amyloid-(3 peptide (A(3) plaques and of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau, in addition to marked... 

Cummings BJ, Pike CJ, Shankle R, Cotman CW. Beta-amyloid deposition and other measures of neuropathology predict cognitive status in Alzheimer s disease. Neurobiol Aging 1996 17(6) 921-933. 

Bjertness E, Alexander J, Taylor G, et al. 1992. Aluminum and the causation of Alzheimer s disease A combined clinical, neuropathological, and trace element study. J Trace Elem Exp Med 5 73. 

McLachlan DRC, Bergeron C, Smith JE, et al. 1996. Risk for neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer s disease and residual aluminum in municipal drinking water employing weighted residential... 

Braak, H. and Braak, E. (1997) Diagnostic criteria for neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer s disease. Neurobiol Aging 18, S85-88. 

Hof, P. R., Bouras, C., Perl, D. P., Sparks, D. L., Mehta, N., et al. (1995) Age-related distribution of neuropathologic changes in the cerebral cortex of patients with Down s syndrome. Quantitative regional analysis and comparison with Alzheimer s disease. Arch Neurol 52, 379-391. 

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