Aluminum chloride, as catalyst for isomerization

Allylmagnesium bromide, 41, 49 reaction with acrolein, 41, 49 5-Allyl-l,2,3,4,5-pentachlorocyclopen-tadiene, 43, 92 Allyltriphenyltin, 41, 31 reaction with phenyllithium, 41, 30 Aluminum chloride, as catalyst, for isomerization, 42, 9 for nuclear bromination and chlorination of aromatic aldehydes and ketones, 40, 9 as Friedel-Crafts catalyst, 41, 1 Amidation, of aniline with maleic anhydride, 41, 93... 

Isomate process a continuous, nonregenerative process for isomerizing C5-C8 normal paraffinic hydrocarbons, using aluminum chloride-hydrocarbon catalyst with anhydrous hydrochloric acid as a promoter. 

An exceptional catalyst for isomerization of CFC-113 to CFC-113a is anhydrous aluminum chloride as reported by Miller (28). This isomerization is usually carried out in the liquid phase and under mild conditions. Some disproportionation of CFC-113a to CFC-114a and CF2CICCI3 (CFC-112a) is also observed on prolonged contact with catalyst. The use of trace quantities of metals such as chromium and manganese is claimed to have a beneficial effect in this process (29). There is an initial activation period... 

During World War II, the great demand for aircraft fuel necessitated the production of large quantities of isobutane, a basic raw material in the production of high octane aviation gasoline. (See chapter on Alkylation of Alkanes. ) Various processes have been developed for the isomerization of n-butane to isobutane all of them employed aluminum chloride-hydrogen chloride as catalyst. The difference between the various processes consisted either in the method of introduction of aluminum chloride to the reaction zone, the catalyst support, or the state of the catalyst. The following summary describes some of the main features of the various processes which were developed ... 

Butane vapor-phase isomerization a process for isomerizing n-butane to iso-butane using aluminum chloride catalyst on a granular alumina support and with hydrogen chloride as a promoter. 

The liquid complex is an active catalyst. The activity increases with increase in its aluminum chloride content compositions active for isomerization contain at least 65 wt.% aluminum chloride. However, a compromise must be made between high activity and increased solubility of aluminum chloride in the feed as the aluminum chloride content is raised. This is shown in Figure 10, where the concentration of aluminum chloride complex of various compositions is plotted. The solubility of pure aluminum chloride in pentane at 212°F. is about 1.2 wt.% (26). As the aluminum chloride is formed into a complex, the solubility rapidly declines and becomes sufficiently insoluble at about 72 wt.% that no... 

Introduction. The action of halogens on saturated open chain hydrocarbons, as for example, pentane or hexane, gives several monohaJogen derivatives. Since the separation of the isomeric monohalides is difficult in the laboratory, they are usually prepared from alcohols. Direct halogenation is used industrially. The cyclic hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane and benzene, jdeld only one monohalide. The present experiment illustrates direct bromination of a hydrocarbon. Chlorination is more difficult it is described in the latter part of the text (page 229). The catalyst used for bromination is iron other substances which can be used for the same purpose are anhydrous aluminum chloride and pyridine. 

Addition of aliphatic hydrocarbons to ethylenic compounds occurs under the influence of catalysts such as sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and aluminum chloride.1 For instance, isobutane and propene afford the three isomeric heptanes. This reaction is not of particular importance in laboratory practice. However, addition of aromatic compounds to olefins is often a practicable method of alkylation.2 Thus ethylbenzene is formed from ethylene and benzene under the influence of aluminum chloride or when the hydrocarbon mixture is passed over a silica-alumina catalyst and Brochet3 obtained 2-phenyl-hexane from benzene and 1-hexene. The C-C bond is always formed to the doubly bonded carbon atom carrying the smaller number of hydrogen atoms benzene and propene, for instance, give cumene, which is important as intermediate in the preparation of phenol. Corson and Ipatieff4 report that benzene reacts especially readily with cyclohexene, yielding cyclohexylbenzene ... 

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