Alternative solvents pharmaceutical industry

An alternative to the extraction of intact PHA polymer is the isolation of PHA monomers, oligomers, or various derivatives such as esters [74]. PH As are composed of stereo-chemically pure P-3-hydroxyacids, and therefore can be used as a source of optically pure organic substrates for the chemical and pharmaceutical industry [79]. In this protocol, the defatted cake containing PHA polymer would be chemically treated to obtain the PHA derivatives. For example, transesterification of the meal with methanol would give rise to methyl esters of 3-hydroxyalkanoic acids. The PHA derivatives would then be separated from the meal with appropriate solvents. One potential disadvantage of this method is the potential alteration of the quality of the residual meal if the harsh chemical treatments required for the production of PHA derivatives lead to protein or amino acid breakdown. 

Along with methods to evaluate different pharmaceutical processes and unit operations, several methods have also been developed to evaluate commonly used solvents in the pharmaceutical industry. Solvents still account for a majority of the mass utilization in any pharmaceutical process. Therefore, various methods have been developed which focus on measuring the greenness of solvents, locating possible alternatives and reducing the overall amount of solvent used in any given process. Some of these methods use a combination of physical property data, LCA... 

Practical considerations may also arise. Supramolecular functionality introduced to control crystal architecture must be added without degrading the fundamental molecular properties of primary interest. Co-crystals offer an alternative approach for controlling crystal architecture without necessarily modifying the primary molecule of interest. In addition, we must recognize the role of the solvent from which the crystal grows. The occurrence of solvates and polymorphs, particularly relevant in the pharmaceutical industry, is still a relatively poorly understood aspect of crystal chemistry. The manner in which synthons are modified from normal geometries in non-crystalline organic structures is also yet to be explored fully. 

Solvents in the Pharmaceutical Industry and Immediate Alternatives to Common Laboratory Solvents... 

It is an alternative to acetonitrile produced as a coproduct of the commercial propylene ammoxidation process for the manufacture of acrylonitrile (see above). Acetonitrile is used primarily in the pharmaceutical industry as a solvent in drug synthesis. Ethane ammoxidation has several potential advantages over coproduct acetonitrile. 

Abstract The quinoxaline (Qx) nucleus is present in various bioactive molecules. Thus, synthesis of Qxs continues to draw the attention of synthetic oiganic/medici-nal chemists. The contemporary interest in search for newer synthetic methods for this privileged class of compounds rcmains unabated and a vast number of publications continue to appear. The focus of this chapter is on the research woiks pubhshed in this area after the year 2000 with the inherent objective to attain sustainability towards the synthesis. The attention will be on the key sustainable approaches of pharmaceutical industries like the solvent-fiee reactions, use of alternate reaction media (e g., water, fluorous alcohols, polyethylene glycols, and ionic liquids), and alternate modes of synthesis such as microwave-assisted synthesis and flow reactions. 

The prevalent process for the production of acetone is as a by-product of the manufacture of phenol. Benzene is alkylated to cumene, which is further oxidized to cumene hydroperoxide and finally cleaved to yield phenol and acetone. However, the process shown in Figure B.10.1 and discussed here uses isopropyl alcohol (IPA) as the raw material. This is a viable commercial alternative, and a few plants continue to operate using this process. The primary advantage of this process is that the acetone produced is free from trace aromatic compounds, particularly benzene. For this reason, acetone produced from IPA may be favored by the pharmaceutical industry due to the very tight restrictions placed on solvents by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The reaction to produce acetone from IPA is as follows. 

---