Altemaria species

Bottalico A, Logrieco A Toxigenic Altemaria species of economic importance in Sinha KK, Bhatnagar D (eds) Mycotoxin in Agriculture and Food Safety. New York, Dekker, 1998, pp 65-108. 

In this section, tetramic acids with an acyl group substituent at C-3 are discussed. The simplest of the naturally occurring 3-acyl tetramic acids, tenuazonic acid (6), was first isolated from the culture filtrate of Alter-naria tenuis [18] and, subsequently, from other fungal species (A. alternate, A. longipes, Pyricularia oryzae) [19,20]. Species of Altemaria are known to produce more than 70 secondary metabolites, many of which, particularly those from the Altemaria altemata complex, are mycotoxins [19]. The absolute stereochemistry of 6 (55,65) was deduced from the formation of L-isoleucine on ozonolysis followed by acid hydrolysis [21]. 

Fumonisins are a group of toxins produced primarily by Fusarium verticil-lioides (formerly called F moniliforme), Eprolifemtum and other related species which readily colonize corn all over the world [120-124]. Nine structurally related fumonisins including Bj, B2, B3, B4, A, and A2, have been described (fig. 8). Chemically, fiimonisin Bj is a derivative (diester) of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid of 2-amino-12,16-dimethyl-3,5,10,14,15-pentahydroxy-icosane [121-130]. The other fumonisins lack the tricarballylic acid or other ester groups [121, 131, 132]. Fumonisins are chemically similar in structure to toxins (AAL) produced by Altemaria altemata [133]. Production of fumonisins hy Altermria has also been reported [134,135], and some fumonisin-producing Fusaria have been knovm to produce AAL toxins [136]. 

Beside Fusarium head blight, metconazole controls the disease complex in wheat and barley caused by rusts, Septoria, powdery mildew, Rhynchosporium and Drechskra species at low rates of between 60 and 90 g-a.i. ha . In oilseed rape the same rates are needed to combat Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Phoma, Altemaria and other pathogens. 

Survey of the mycobiota of Spanish malting barley and evaluation of the mycotoxin producing potential of species of Altemaria, Aspergillus and Fusarium. Intema-tional Journal of Food Microbiology, 108, 196-203. 

Antifungal activity on most postharvest fimgi, e.g., Altemaria, Fusarium, and Rhizopus species. 

Tentoxin is a cyclic tetrcp )tide derived from the fungus Altemaria altemata that causes disn ption of chloroplast development in most of the major weed species in soybean and of johnsongrass in com hile having no effect on either of these crop species. Ihe major inpediment to the development of tentoxin as a herbicide is its limited availability because of low biosynthetic yields. Chemical synthesis is possible and the production of analogues has led to meaningful structure/activity relaticxiships. 

Tentoxin is a cyclic tetrapeptide produced by the fungus, Altemaria altemata (6), having the structure depicted in Figure 1. Tentoxin affects a large number of weeds in both soybean and com while having no discernible effect on either of these species (see mode of action below)(/,2,7). While the synthesis of tentoxin has been achieved in the laboratoiy (8-11), it is a difficult synthesis, achieving a limited final yield because of the reaction at the cyclization step of the synthesis. While its fate in soil is as yet uncharacterized, tentoxin should be fairly readily broken down into its constituent amino acids by microbial action.(/d)... 

Cerebrosides are rarely studied in marine fungi, but three new cerebrosides were isolated from the halotolerant species Altemaria raphani collected in the Hongdao sea salt field, China. Altemarosides A-C contain unusual rmsaturated amino alcohols with 18 and 19 carbon atoms (Wang et al., 2009). 

Molds are very common in buildings and will grow an5rwhere indoors where there is moisture. The most common indoor molds are Cladosporium, PeniciUium, Aspergillus, and Altemaria. We do not have accurate information about how often Stachybotrys chartarum is formd in buildings and homes. While it is less common than other mold species, it is not rare. 

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