Allograft rejection lung transplantation

Yousem SA, Berry GH, Cagle PT, et al. Revision of the 1990 working formulation for the classification of pulmonary allograft rejection lung rejection study group. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996 15 1-15. 

Neuringer IP, Chalermskulrat W, Aris R. Obliterative bronchiolitis or chronic lung allograft rejection a basic science review. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005 24 3-19. 

Azuma H, Tilney NL. 1995. Immune and nonimmune mechanisms of chronic rejection of kidney allografts. J Heat Lung Transplant. 14 S136-S142. 

Schofield RS, Hill JA, McGinn CJ, Aranda JM. Hormone therapy in men and risk of cardiac allograft rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002 21(4) 493-5. 

Beranek JT. Further evidence of cardiomyocyte apoptosis in humoral (microvascular) rejection of human cardiac allografts. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004 23 378-379. 

Ross HJ, Gullestad L, Pak J, et al. Methotrexate or total lymphoid radiation for treatment of persistent or recurrent allograft cellular rejection A comparative smdy. J Heart Lung Transplant 1997 16 179-189. 

Prop J, Wildevuur CRH, Nieuwenhuis P. Lung allograft rejection in the rat. II. Specific immunological properties of lung grafts. Transplantation 1985 40 126-131. 

Moudgil A, Bagga A, Toyoda M, Nicolaidou E, Jordan SC, Ross D. Expression of gamma-IFN mRNA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid correlates with early acute allograft rejection in lung transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 1999 13 201-207. 

Matsumura Y, Marchevsky A, Zuo XJ, Kass RM, Matloff JM, Jorden SC. Assessment of pathological changes associated with chronic allograft rejection and tolerance in two experimental models of rat lung transplantation. Transplantation 1995 59 1509-1517. 

Bowdish, M.F., Barr, M.L., Quardt, S.M., Medina, J., Collins, T., Johnson, M., Tonn, G., Newland, D. et al. (2003) Fvaluation of an oral CXCR3 antagonist in a rat model of acute cardiac allograft rejection. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 22, S162. 

During allograft acute rejection, the production of NO as measured nitrite/nitrate levels, has been demonstrated in several experimental models and inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (rNOS) activity in a rat lung transplant model dramatically improved the survival rate of allografts (Shiraishi etal. 1995, Worrall etal. 1997). Studies carried out on transplant samples from patients with end-stage obliterative bronchioHfis have shown that in... 

Snell GI, Boehler A, Glanville AR, et al. Eleven years on a clinical update of key areas of the 1996 lung allograft rejection working formulation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007 26 423-430. 

Garrity ER, Villanueva J, Bhorade SM, et al. Low rate of acute lung allograft rejection after the use of daclizumah, an interleukin 2 receptor antibody. Transplantation 2001 71 773-777. 

Cahill BC, Somerville T, Karwande SW, et al. Early experience with sirolimus in lung transplant recipients with chronic allograft rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003 22 169-176. 

Multiple studies assessed azithromycin in chronic lung disease, including non-CF bronchiectasis [9lS92, asthma [93 -] and chronic lung allograft rejection. Existing evidence was extensively reviewed for postlung transplant chronic rejection [94 ]. 

Vos R, Vanaudenaerde BM, Verleden SE, Ruttens D, Vaneylen A, Van Raemdonck DE, et al. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of azithromycin involved in treatment and prevention of chronic lung allograft rejection Transplantation 2012 94(2) 101-9. 

If performed when based on clinical indications, transbronchial biopsy has been reported to reach a sensitivity for the detection of acute rejection of up to 94% (Trulock 1997). The rationale for surveillance biopsy protocols is based upon retrospective evidence that up to one-third of surveillance biopsies demonstrate evidence of allograft rejection (Chakinala et al. 2004) whereas only 40% of histologically confirmed grades II-IV acute rejections are associated with clinical signs or symptoms (Baz et al. 1996). There are reports in the literature however that suggest a much lower yield after 24 months, and some centers do not routinely perform biopsies after this point (Dransfield et al. 2004). In the study of Tamm et al. (1997) the benefit of surveillance biopsies was questioned. In this study, 51 heart-lung transplant recipients who underwent surveillance transbronchial biopsies were compared with 75 pa-... 

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) appears to be common in patients following lung transplantation, and may contribute to chronic allograft rejection. 

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