Alkyd resins analysis

The FTIR spectrum for the dried paint resin does have a reasonable match score to and feature bands characteristic of an alkyd resin [5]. Due to the presence of fillers though, the spectral analysis did not allow for a high-quality match to be obtained. Removal of the fillers and subsequent FTIR analysis would provide the best spectroscopic result for the identification of the alkyd type and provide a better comparison to such as the reference vinyl toluene-modified alkyd. 

The analysis of alkyd resins was a subject of interest due to many practical applications of these materials [46-48]. Similar to other ester analysis, the pyrolysis with hydrolysis/alkylatlon, for example in the presence of TMAH, can be applied successfully for those materials [49, 50). Pyrolysis alone is basically similar to that of other esters of aromatic diacids. 

The phthalic alkyd class is broken down into resins which are unmodified, resins which are modified, except with rosin and rosin ester, and finally resins which are modified with rosin and rosin ester. Under each class various chemical compositions are broken out for purposes of analysis. The alkyd resins modified with rosin and rosin ester are going to be considered in the rosin ester class of materials rather than the phthalic alkyd class of materials. Figures on phthalic alkyds have been available since 1933 11), The Tariff Commission has used more than one type of breakdown over this period. In 1946 they broke down total alkyds into two classes oil-type alkyds as compared with other than oil-type alkyds. Before and after that year, this breakdown was not made. 

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Like IR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy requires little sample preparation, and provides extremely detailed information on the composition of many resins. The only limitation is that the sample must be soluble in a deuterated solvent (e.g., deuterated chloroform, tetrahydro-furan, dimethylformamide). Commercial pulse Fourier transform NMR spectrometers with superconducting magnets (field strength 4-14 Tesla) allow routine measurement of high-resolution H- and C-NMR spectra. Two-dimensional NMR techniques and other multipulse techniques (e.g., distortionless enhancement of polarization transfer, DEPT) can also be used [10.16]. These methods are employed to analyze complicated structures. C-NMR spectroscopy is particularly suitable for the qualitative analysis of individual resins in binders, quantiative evaluations are more readily obtained by H-NMR spectroscopy. Comprehensive information on NMR measurements and the assignment of the resonance lines are given in the literature, e.g., for branched polyesters [10.17], alkyd resins [10.18], polyacrylates [10.19], polyurethane elastomers [10.20], fatty acids [10.21], cycloaliphatic diisocyanates [10.22], and epoxy resins [10.23]. 

Figure 9 indicates the corrosion rate per year at different wt % loading of ZMP nanocontainers in alkyd resin coatings. At first ZMP nanocontainers were incorporated in the alkyd resin with the help of pigment Muller and formidation was coated on MS plates for study corrosion rate analysis. Experimentation was carried out by dipping coated MS in HCl, NaCl and NaOH (5 wt % each) solutions for a period of 750 h The loss in weight of each species was measured by gravimetric analysis for the analysis of... 

Figure 10 signifies the electrochemical analysis (Tafel plot) of MS panels coated with neat alkyd resin, and coated with 2 and 4 wt % loading of ZMP nanocontainer incorporated in alkyd resin. Above analysis was carried out in 5 wt % aqueous NaCl solution at room temperature. The Tafel plot is plotted as log (current density) as a function of applied potential. In Tafel plot analysis current density is measured in corrosion process for simultaneous redox reactions occurs at the surface of cathode and anode of MS plate. Icorr i.e. corrosion current density and Ecorr i.e. corrosion potential, values were found from the Tafel plot analysis. It is observed that corrosion current... 

From above results it is observed that release rate, corrosion rate, and electrochemical (Tafel plot) analysis shows that the percentage loading of 4 wt % ZMP nanocontainers in alkyd resin shows a considerable improvement in the anticorrosive properties compare to pure alkyd resin. 

A substantial number of studies on the characterization of vehicle paints, mainly alkyd and acrylic resins, have been reported. Alkyd resins, which are complex polyesters formed by co-polymerizing phthalic anhydride, polyols, and saturated and rm-saturated fatty acids, can usually be classified with MS techniques on the basis of hydrocarbon chain length and modification components such as melamine. Characterizations of acrylic resins are based on Cl MS analysis of monomers that are reasonably reproducible by pyrolysis techniques. 

Gooch JW (1997) Analysis and deformulation of polymeric materials. Plenum Press, New York Gooch JW (2002) Emulsification and polymerization of alkyd resins. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York... 

The heat distortion temperature at 1.80 Mpa is the temperature that causes a beam loaded to 1.80 to deflect by 0.3 mm. If the heat distortion temperature is lower than the ambient temperature, -20 C is given. Polymers such as low-density polyethylene, styrene ethylene-butene terpolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyurethane, and plasticized polyvinyl chloride distort at temperatures below <50°C, whereas others, such as epoxies, polyether ether ketone, polydiallylphthalate, polydiallyl isophthalate, polycarbonate, alkyd resins, phenol formaldehyde, polymide 6,10 polyimide, poly-etherimides, polyphenylene sulfide, polyethersulfone, polysulfonates, and silicones, have remaikably high distortion temperatures in the range of 150°C to >300 C. Thermomechanical analysis has been used to determine the deflection temperature of polymers and sample loading forces (i.e., plots of temperature vs. flexure). 

Alkyd resin along with solvent has been successfully encapsulated inside UF shell by In situ encapsulation technique. The SEM analysis shows that microcapsules were comprised of a thin continuous shell wall and a rough exterior shell wall. The FTIR spectra of original and soxhlet extracted resin proves the encapsulation of alkyd resin inside the shell. Moreover DSC and TGA analysis shows that the microcapsules contain both resin-solvent mixture as core and UF as shell material. These microcapsules incorporated in paints or coatings release the healing material when scratched which in turn heals the scratches and cracks. 

Table 11.5. A second group of inks had spechal features consistent with an alkyd resin. Note that this is the same general approach described for paint, and similar considerations apply to the IR analysis of toners used in laser printers and copiers. - ...

Crandall et al. [16] reacted phthalic anhydride and EG to show a decrease in the 1910 nm band due to C=0. A similar decrease in the 1910 nm band due to C=0 was observed during the reaction of phthalic anhydride and glycerol. Viscosity, an important process parameter, has been quantified in alkyd resins using NIR. Qualitative NIR can also be used before the reaction begins to determine if the kettle has been charged properly. Discriminant analysis can be used to determine if all of the reactants are present and if they are present in the correct proportions. 

Determination of C2 through C5 Hydrocarbons in Gasoline by GC Polyhydric Alcohols in Alkyd Resin Phenols in Water Oil and Oil Acids FAME Analysis... 

Solomon and Hopwood [24] find that, in the case of alkyd prepared from fatty acid, glycerol, and phthalic anhydride in the molar ratio 1.0 1.26 1.11, the measured hydroxyl values are considerably less than the calculated figures and the difference between these values increases with the molecular weight and the complexity of the polymer molecule. The difficulties encountered in the kinetic analysis of the formation of alkyd resins could be related, at least in part, to the availability of the hydroxyl group. 

M. Kubecki, M. Holtzer, A. Bobrowski, R. Daiiko, B. Grabowska, S. Zymankowska-Kumon, Analysis of the compounds from the BETX group emitted during thermal decomposition of alkyd resin . Archives of Foundry Engineering 12 (3) (2012), 67-72. 

Styrenated fatty acids and alkyd resins spectrophoto-metric analysis using a modified Kappelmeier procedure, with ultraviolet determination of polymerized styrene Styrene and fumerate in esters and resins 0.1-2% styrene in polystyrene at 250-260 m/i direct determination polystyrene in a copolymer in chloroform solution at 269 mu partial separation, nitration, and determination as neutralized p-nitrobenzoic acid, of bound styrene in raw and cured polymers, using a three-wavelength ultraviolet measurement to check for unexpected interfer-... 

Analysis of lacquers containing nitrocellulose, alkyd resins, and phthalate-type plasticizers Melamine (2,4,6-triamino-5-triazine) ... 

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