Alkoxylation-carboxylation

Marlowet 45 Series Alkyl-(aryl)-alkoxylated carboxylic acids... 

Chloranil in boiling xylene has been shown to be an excellent dehydrogenation agent for the preparation of carbazoles from 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-carbazoles (75-95%). By this procedure, carbazoles substituted in the 1-, 2-, and 3-positions with alkyl, halo, alkoxyl, carboxyl, or nitro groups are readily made. The starting materials are available by ring closures of cyclohexanone-OT-phenylhydrazones. A palladium-carbon catalyst for the same purpose is also noteworthy, the yields of alkylcarbazoles being 86-100%. ... 

Koester, Behler, Neuss, Schmid, Eisner Cognis Hand dishwashing liquid comprising an alkoxylated carboxylic acid ester Contains an alkoxylated carboxylic acid ester... 

Alteration of positional selectivity will result from built-in solvation of the transition state by an adjacent carboxyl-related function.Aminations will be so affected by carboxyl, carboxylate ion, carboalkoxy and less so by carboxamido groups (cf. Section I,D,2,b, structure 12.) Other substitutions such as alkoxylations can be so affected by carboxamido and amidino groups (cf. Section I,D, 2,b, structure 14). The effect of the cyclic hydrogen-bonded form (63) of 2-carboxamidopyridine on the reactivity of a leaving group is not known. 

Ether carboxylates are used not only in powdered detergents but in liquid laundry detergents for their hard water stability, lime soap dispersibility, and electrolyte stability they improve the suspension stability and rheology of the electrolyte builder [130,131]. Formulations based particularly on lauryl ether carboxylate + 4.5 EO combined with fatty acid salt and other anionic surfactants are described [132], sometimes in combination with quaternary compounds as softeners [133,163]. Ether carboxylates show improved cleaning properties as suds-controlling agents in formulations with ethoxylated alkylphenol or fatty alcohol, alkyl phosphate esters or alkoxylate phosphate esters, and water-soluble builders [134]. 

The development of monoalkyl phosphate as a low skin irritating anionic surfactant is accented in a review with 30 references on monoalkyl phosphate salts, including surface-active properties, cutaneous effects, and applications to paste and liquid-type skin cleansers, and also phosphorylation reactions from the viewpoint of industrial production [26]. Amine salts of acrylate ester polymers, which are physiologically acceptable and useful as surfactants, are prepared by transesterification of alkyl acrylate polymers with 4-morpholinethanol or the alkanolamines and fatty alcohols or alkoxylated alkylphenols, and neutralizing with carboxylic or phosphoric acid. The polymer salt was used as an emulsifying agent for oils and waxes [70]. Preparation of pharmaceutical liposomes with surfactants derived from phosphoric acid is described in [279]. Lipid bilayer vesicles comprise an anionic or zwitterionic surfactant which when dispersed in H20 at a temperature above the phase transition temperature is in a micellar phase and a second lipid which is a single-chain fatty acid, fatty acid ester, or fatty alcohol which is in an emulsion phase, and cholesterol or a derivative. 

All the 7,8-secoberbines incorporate an JV-methyltetrahydroisoquinoline moiety with two or three oxygenated substituents at C-l, C-2, and C-3. The lower aromatic ring possesses four substituents in a vicinal arrangement of which two are alkoxyls and the third the berbine bridge carbon. The latter may occur in different oxidation states as an aldehyde (in 1 and 2), an alcohol (3-6, 8, 9), or a carboxylic acid (7). 

Alkoxylated polysiloxanes are a relatively new class of dyebath lubricants. They have practically no substantivity for the substrate, yet combine adequate lubrication with water solubility and easy rinsability. If the silicones contain primary hydroxy groups, these can be modified by esterification, phosphation, phosphonation, sulphation, sulphonation or carboxylation. These anionic substituents confer substantivity for various substrates without losing rinsability. Anionic organic sulphates and sulphonates probably offer the best overall properties for dyebath lubricants, whilst other types can be more suitable for selected applications [464]. 

Other functional groups which have a heteroatom rather than a hydroxyl group capable of directing the hydrogenation include alkoxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, carboxylate, amide, carbamate, and sulfoxide. The alkoxy unit efficiently coordinates to cationic iridium or rhodium complexes, and high diastereoselectivity is induced in the reactions of cyclic substrates (Table 21.3, entries 11-13) [25, 28]. An acetal affords much lower selectivity than the corresponding unsaturated ketone (Table 21.3, entries 14 and 15) [25]. 

Alcoholysis of Carboxylic Esters. Transesterification Alkoxy-de-alkoxylation... 

No analogous reactions take place with carboxylic acid esters. Cristol and his co-workers [49] therefore suggest that initially an alkoxyl ion is formed and afterwards the corresponding alcohol and nitrate ion are produced ... 

Phenol has been hydroxylated nearly quantitatively to hydroquinone 2 3 9 Most alkoxylations or hydroxylations of aromatics however either lead to anodic addition products (see Sect. 10.1) or to side chain substitution (see below). Specific side-chain hydroxylation is difficult to achieve because the alcohols formed as primary products are further oxidized to aldehydes, ketones and/or carboxylic acids. 

Ligand incorporation was achieved by facile alkoxylation of 4-chloro-substituted ter-pyridine by a hydroxy-terminated carboxylic acid followed by divergent dendrimer con-... 

Acid chlorides and esters are derivatives of carboxylic acids. In such acid derivatives, the —OH group of a carboxylic acid is replaced by other electron-withdrawing groups. In acid chlorides, the hydroxyl group of the acid is replaced by a chlorine atom. In esters, the hydroxyl group is replaced by an alkoxyl (—O—R) group. 

A survey of the chlotomethylation of aromatic compounds has been made, and a thorough study of the conditions of the reaction for the production of benzyl chloride has been carried out. The reaction is generally applicable to aromatic hydrocarbons. The effect of substituents on the ease of chloromethylation is pronounced alkyl and alkoxyl groups facilitate the introduction of the chloromethyl group, whereas halogen, Carboxyl, and nitro substituents retard or prevent the reaction. Zinc chloride, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid have been used as catalysts when needed. A chief by-product is the f is -chloromethyl compound. 

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