Alkanes high-molecular weight

The first case concerns particles with polymer chains attached to their surfaces. This can be done using chemically (end-)grafted chains, as is often done in the study of model colloids. Alternatively, a block copolymer can be used, of which one of the blocks (the anchor group) adsorbs strongly to the particles. The polymer chains may vary from short alkane chains to high molecular weight polymers (see also section C2.6.2). The interactions between such... 

Polyethylene, in essence a high molecular weight alkane (paraffin), would be expected to have a good resistance to chemical attack and this is found to be the case. 

Homologous n-a-olefins by pyrolysis of high molecular weight C20-C30 n-alkanes (wax cracking)... 

Not only the linear Cl0-Cl8 a-olefins but also the linear C10-Cl8 olefins with internal double bonds, the so-called -v /-olefins, are of great importance in surfactant chemistry, n-a-Olefins and n-y-olefins have the same suitability for the manufacture of linear alkylbenzenes, the most important synthetic anionic surfactants, by alkylation of benzene. Nowadays medium molecular weight n- /-olefins are industrially produced by two processes the catalytic dehydrogenation of the corresponding n-alkanes [4,28] and the cometathesis of low and high molecular weight n-v /-olefins, obtained by double-bond isomerization of the isomeric n-a-olefins [29]. 

Alkanes and cycloalkanes, of both low and high molecular weight, can be fully perdeuterated treatment with D2 gas and a catalyst such as Rh, Pt, or Pd. ... 

Haines JR, Alexander M. 1974. Microbial degradation of high-molecular weight alkanes. Appl Microbiol 28 1084-1085. 

The University of Osaka is the holder of two patents regarding the least studied biorefining processes, demetallization, and bioconversion. The metals are removed from the fossil fuel, under mild conditions (room temperature and atmospheric pressure) by the microbial oxidation action and a UV-photochemical reaction [166], The bioconversion refers to conversion of high molecular weight alkanes by the action of B. thermoleovorans B23 and B. thermoleovorans H41 strains to lower molecular weight molecules [167],... 

Mackay, D., Shiu, W.Y., Wolkoff, A.W. (1975) Gas chromatographic determination of low concentrations of hydrocarbons in water by vapor phase extraction. ASTM STP 573, pp. 251-258, Am. Soc. Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Macknick, A.B., Prausnitz, J.M. (1979) Vapor pressures of high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons.. /. Chem. Eng. Data 24, 175-178. Mac/ynski. A., Wioeniewska-Goclowska, B., Goral, M. (2004) Recommended liquid-liquid equilibrium data. Part 1. Binary alkane-water systems. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 33, 549-577. 

T. K. Dutta and S. Harayama. Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometric Analysis of High-Molecular-Weight Alkanes in Crude Oil by Silver Nitrate Chemical Ionization after Laser Desorption. Anal. Chem., 73(2001) 864-869. 

The insertion of CO is in many instances thermodynamically unfavourable the thermodynamically most favourable product in hydroformylation and carbonylation reactions of the present type is always the formation of low or high-molecular weight alkanes or alkenes, if chain termination occurs via (3-hydride elimination). The decomposition of 3-pentanone into butane and carbon monoxide shows the thermodynamic data for this reaction under standard conditions. Higher pressures of CO will push the equilibrium somewhat to the left. 

Fig. 13.7 Generalized aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation pathways for n-alkanes. Reprinted from Abrajano TA, Yan B, O Malley V (2005) High molecular weight petrogenic and pyrogenic hydrocarbons in aquatic environments In Drever JI (ed) Surface and ground water, weathering and soils vol 5 Treatise on Geochemistry pp 475-509. Copyright 2005 with permission of Elsevier...

One of the most ubiquitous multiple-component contaminants that reaches the soil and deeper subsurface layers is crude oil and its refined products. In the subsurface, these contaminants are transformed differently by various mechanisms (Cozzarelli and Baber 2003). Crude oil contains a multitude of chemical components, each with different physical and chemical properties. As discussed in Chapter 4, the main groups of compounds in crude oils are saturated hydrocarbons (such as normal and branched alkanes and cycloalkanes without double bonds), aromatic hydrocarbons, resins, and asphaltenes, which are high-molecular-weight polycyclic compounds containing nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. 

The nitration of moderate to high molecular weight alkane substrates results in very complex product mixtures. Consequently, these reactions are only of industrial importance if the mixture of nitroalkane products is separable by distillation. Polynitroalkanes can be observed from the nitration of moderate to high molecular weight alkane substrates with nitrogen dioxide. The nitration of aliphatic hydrocarbons has been the subject of several reviews. 

According to the vendor, M-1000 products can be used to degrade benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and high-molecular-weight alkanes. 

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