Alizarin Complexone

F Solvent extraction of ternary lanthanum alizarin complexone fluoride Atomic emission spectrometry 0.6 2.11 [251]... 

The final laboratory report favoured the use of the fluoride electrode for routine determinations and the alizarin-complexone procedure as an alternative or referee method. These two showed the most consistent agreement during the analysis of a variety of water samples from rivers, wells and reservoirs, the former giving 100% recoveries with spiked samples. 

Providing no other acidic species are present and water has been used as the absorption medium in either the 02 flask or pyrohydrolytic tube decomposition, the acidimetric titration of hydrogen fluoride is the simplest. Unfortunately this is often not the case, so one of the other finishes such as colorimetry and titrimetry has to be used. One of the best colorimetric procedures employs Ce-Alizarin complexone reagent5 which changes from wine red to dark blue in the presence of fluoride ion. The color takes a while to develop fully, but it is very reliable. 

Ping et al. have fabricated an integrated microsensor array on a silicon wafer for pH imaging [89]. Six different pH-sensitive colorimetric dyes (methyl violet 6B, phenolic red, alizarin complexone, 5-carboxy-fluorescein, alizarin red and methylthymol blue) were used to cover the whole pH range. The dyes were adsorbed on microbeads and placed in etched microwells on the silicon wafer. The indicator array was also used as a cation sensor chip (see Sect. 2.4). 

The accuracy of the method was indicated by the value of (F )g, which was 1.05 ppm, and which would correspond to a value of 1.3 ppm for the sample of salinity, S = 35%o. For comparison, the calculated value for salinity of 35%o would be 1.28, based upon the reported value for standard seawater (13). The precision was estimated for samples 6S and 6B for which the mean and standard deviations were 34.2 0.8 and 35.0 0.3, respectively the corresponding relative deviations were 2.3 and 0.9%. There was no significant variation in fluoride values during the 24 hr after being stored in a plastic container and refrigerated at < 4°C. In addition, fluoride was also determined for one unique sample colorimetrically, using an lanthanum-alizarin complexone reagent (14). Data are compared in Table I. 

The direct method for determining traces of fluoride is based on the coloured ternary complex formed by fluoride with Alizarin Complexone and lanthanum or cerium(III). Fluoride ions form stable complexes with some multivalent metals, namely Zr, Th, Ti, Fe(III), and Al. The colour changes resulting from the reactions of fluoride with coloured complexes of these metals provide indirect methods for the determination of fluoride. Examples of these methods are the Eriochrome Cyanine R-zirconium method, and the (less sensitive) Fe(III)-sulphosalicylate method. 

Yellow Alizarin Complexone (AC) reacts with La or Ce(III) ions to form a red chelate, which, in turn, reacts with fluoride ions to give a blue ternary complex (Alizarin Fluorine Blue). The fluoride anion displaces the water molecule bound with the metal ion (formula 20.1) [19,20]. Other suggestions regarding the mechanism of this reaction have also been proposed [21,22]. 

Sulphonated Alizarin Complexone [32-35], and the related reagent Quinalizarin Complexone [36] have also been suggested for determining fluoride. The use of Quinalizarin Complexone increases the sensitivity by about 50%. Traces of fluoride have been pre-concentrated on anion exchange resin impregnated with Alizarin Complexone [37]. 

Alizarin Complexone (AC), 0.001 M solution. Dissolve 0.0963 g of the reagent in 50 ml of water containing 0.3 ml of cone, ammonia solution. Add 0.25 ml of glacial acetic acid, and dilute with water to exactly 250 ml. The solution stored in an amber-glass bottle is stable for a week. 

The La-AC reagent. Mix together equal volumes of Alizarin Complexone and lanthanum nitrate solutions. The solution may be used for 2 days... 

Direct spectrophotometric methods proposed for fluoride (similar to the Alizarin Complexone method) involve use of Arsenazo lE-Zr reagent [62,63], Sulphochlorophenol S-Zr reagent (e = 3.0-10 ) [64], Xylenol Orange-Al (extraction of ternary fluoride-containing complex into CHCI3 in the presence of TOA, e = 4.MO" ) [65], and Xylenol Orange-Zr reagent (e = 3.4-10 ) [66]. 

The Alizarin Complexone method using La or Ce(III) has been used for determination of... 

Methods based on extraction of Ge(IV) complexes with 3,5-dinitropyrocatechol or 4-nitropyrocatechol, associated with Brilliant Green (CCI4, e =1.4-10 ), Nile Blue A (CHCI3, e =1.3-10 ), and Methylene Blue (benzene, e =1.0-10 ), have been recommended [45,46]. The anionic complex of Ge with Alizarin Complexone, associated with Rhodamine 6G, is the basis of a sensitive method (e = 2.9-10 ) [1,2]. In another very sensitive method, use has been made of tetrabromofluorescein and Rhodamine 6G [47]. Ge is determined after extraction (with chlorobenzene) with mandelic acid and Malachite Green (e = 1.33-10 ) [48]. 

Several anthraquinone derivatives have been suggested for the spectrophotometric determination of germanium, namely quinalizarin (extraction of the complex with chloroform in the presence of diphenylguanidine), Purpurin (1,2,4-trihydroxyanthraquinone) [52], and Alizarin Complexone [53]. 

Other organic reagents recommended for determination of Mo include Alizarin Complexone [103], l-nitroso-2-naphthol [104], morin [105], rutin [106], quercetin [107], 1,5-diphenylcarbazone [108], quinalizarin in the presence of surfactant [109], tiron [12,31,39], and 2,2 -biquinoxalyl [110]. The FIA technique has been applied in the determination of Mo with the use of carminic acid [111]. 

Alizarin-3-methyliminodiacetic acid (Alizarin Complexone) (2H2O) /i952-7S-iy M 421.4, m... 

A new type of ceramic membrane electrode that is selective for F" ions has been prepared by sintering LaFg, EuFj, and CaFz at above 1200 °C in an atmosphere of Hf The approximate determination of the F" ion concentration in polluted waters can be made by means of a F ion electrode in the presence of citrate ion however, for an accurate determination a photometric method was applied after separation of F by distillation. The probable composition of the La " -alizarin complexone (H4A)-F complex is said to be La(LaA)4F2. ° Alizarin fluorine blue 5-sulphonate is more soluble in water than the unsulphonated reagent the ternary La -F -complexone absorbs at 583 nm. The application of neutron activation analysis to the determination of fluorine has has been reviewed briefly by Verot and Jaumier. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (p.e.s.) has been used to identify and to provide a quantitative estimate of CF3, CF2, and CF groups on the surface of fluorinated diamond. Proton and deuteron radiolysis of... 

Further procedures are based on a discoloration of organic dyes with zir-conium(IV) salts (zirconium-eriochromcyanine R), leading to the formation of a blue fluoride complex with trivalent lanthane and alizarine complexone, or they depend on the measurement with a fluoride ion selective electrode based on lanthanum fluoride [18]. 

H. Wada, H. Mori, and G. Nakagawa, Spectrophotometric Determination of Fluoride with Lanthanum/Alizarin Complexone by Flow Injection Analysis. Anal. Chim. Actay 172 (1985) 297. 

Recent investigations have been devoted to the measurement of fluorides [91]. A ternary complex colored by fluoride ion is formed from a cerium(III)-alizarin complexone binary complex (alizarin fluorine blue). The reagent is immobilized on an Amberlite polymer matrix. The reflectance is measured in a flow-cell assembly with a bifurcated optical flber. The response is linear for 0.16-0.9S mM fluoride at pH 4.1. The response time is about 12 min. The major interferents are aluminium, iron, and phosphate. 

Fluoride can be determined with three significant figures using a fluoride electrode. Otherwise, the recommended procedure is a spectrophotometric determination with lanthanum alizarin complexone. 

The condensation product of dihydroxyanthraquinone with formaldehyde and iminodiacetic acid was introduced by Belcher, Leonard and West (1958) under the name alizarin complexan (58), though the names alizarin complexone or (nowadays) alizarin fluorine blue are preferred. It greatly resembles xylenol orange in its general behaviour though its complexes with thorium and the lanthanons are more stable than these EDTA complexes. However, the most interesting... 

Ill, Xylenol Orange (XO), Alizarin Complexone (AC), and Methylthymol Blue (MTB). A few reports have appeared using dyes to extract transition metal ions in ABSs [65,66. ... 

Manzoori and Miyazaki [49] reported on an indirect method for the determination of fluoride. The method involves the formation of lanthanum/alizarin complexone/fluoride complex and its extraction into hexanol containing N,N- diethylaniline. Fluoride is determined by introducing the separated organic phase into the plasma and measuring the intensity of the La II 333.75-nm line. These workers found it necessary to connect two... 

First derivative of ratio spectra was applied for determination of strontium, magnesium and calcium in Portland cement [44]. The proposed procedure was based on complexation of studied ions with Alizarin Complexone. 

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