Alcohol Concern

A pint initiative between DrugScope and Alcohol Concern aiming to identify, develop and promote good practice in alcohol and drug education and prevention. 

Berger, S. (1987) A humane approach to housing , Alcohol Concern, 3 17-18 (May/June). 

Alcohol Services Information Pack. Alcohol Concern 1987)... 

An adsorption study on a strong base anion exchange resin from dilute HNO3 and aliphatic alcohols showed [51] that, with the exception of Eu (in CH3OH), the rare earth adsorption from HN03-alcohol solutions decreased with increasing length of the primary carbon chain in the alcohol concerned. 

A considerable wood hydrolysis industry with rather old traditions is located in the Soviet Union. The main fermentation product based on hexoses in wood hydrolyzates is ethyl alcohol, but pentoses and aliphatic acids can also be utilized in the production of proteins (see Section 10.2.3). A variety of chemicals, including ethylene, ethylene oxide, acetaldehyde, and acetic acid, can be produced from ethyl alcohol. One interesting future application of ethyl alcohol concerns its use as a motor fuel mixed with gasoline (gasohol). 

Sugars are used as fermentation substrates to yield products such as lactic acid, citric acid, and ethanol. Ethanol can be used as a food product, as a food solvent, or as a source for energy. In very recent times, with rapidly escalating demand for power alcohol, concern over the economic impact of this latter usage has raised serious challenges to the availability of sufficient quantities of some cereal grains for food use [82]. 

Another difference between thiols and alcohols concerns their oxidation. We have seen earlier in this chapter that oxidation of alcohols gives compounds having carbonyl... 

The facility of the direct reaction of a metal with an alcohol depends on both the electropositive nature of the metal and the ramification of the alcohol concerned. 

The alcohol functional group is capable of being oxidized to other important organic molecules. Such reactions alter the functional group. The remaining part of the carbon skeleton is left unaffected. The products possible from oxidation depend on whether the alcohol concerned is primary, secondary or tertiary. 

Later findings have modified the rule, especially when the carbon atoms concerned are connected with carbonyl- or carboxyl-groups, but it still holds good for monohydric unsaturated alcohols. 

Polymerization of compounds perfonned with UV light was first reported in the 1970s [86] and was followed by further studies [87, 88 and 89]. Another study was concerned with the deposition and polymerization of multilayers of alcohols and acids incoiyDorating the diene group, -CH=CH-CH=CH-, at the hydrophilic end of the molecule [90]. 

Carbocations derived from the alcohol are probably the reactive species, but data concerning by-products expected with carbocationic intermediates are lacking. Rearrangement of 2-alkylaminothiazoles to 2-amino-5-alkylthiazoles may also explain the observed products 2-aminothiazole with benzyl chloride yields first 2-benz Iaminothiazole (206). which then rearranges to 2-amino-5-benzvlthiazole (207) (Scheme 130) (163. 165. 198). 

The major portion of the present chapter concerns the conversion of alcohols to alkyl halides by reaction with hydrogen halides... 

A major difference between alcohols and thiols concerns their oxidation We have seen earlier m this chapter that oxidation of alcohols gives compounds having carbonyl groups Analogous oxidation of thiols to compounds with C=S functions does not occur Only sulfur is oxidized not carbon and compounds containing sulfur m various oxida tion states are possible These include a series of acids classified as sulfemc sulfimc and sulfonic according to the number of oxygens attached to sulfur... 

This chapter is divided into two parts The first and major portion is devoted to carbohydrate structure You will see how the principles of stereochemistry and confer matronal analysis combine to aid our understanding of this complex subject The remain der of the chapter describes chemical reactions of carbohydrates Most of these reactions are simply extensions of what you have already learned concerning alcohols aldehydes ketones and acetals... 

Vinyl alcohol does not exist as a monomer, but Herrmann and Haehnel (1) were able to obtain the desired product poly(vinyl alcohol) [9002-89-5] (PVA), by polymerizing vinyl acetate and then hydrolyzing the resultant poly(vinyl acetate). This process is employed for the commercial production of PVA even now. The principal concern of the discoverers was development of a suture for surgical operations the fiber then obtained was not suited for clothing use (2). 

As of this writing, the process has not been commercialized, but apparendy the alcohol can be separated from its propylene oxide coproduct process to maintain an economically competitive position. The formation of organic hydroperoxides is a concern, as it was in the Shell process. 

The paster is a nonheated operation. The most common paster adhesive formulation consists of poly(vinyl alcohol)—clay—starch blends (10). A 100% area adhesive coverage is used. The rate of bond strength development of the adhesive is an important commercial concern and rapid bond formation rates are desirable. 

Defoamers (qv) are available in several forms, composed of many different materials. Historically, paste and soHd defoamers were used extensively. Composed of fatty acids, fatty amides, fatty alcohols, emulsifiers (and mineral oil [8012-95-1] in the high soflds paste emulsions), these defoamers required emulsification (brick) or dilution (paste) before use. Liquid defoamers have become the preferred form, insofar as concern about handling and ovemse have been overcome. 

The manufacture of alkyd resins (qv), which are obtained by the reactions of polybasic acids or anhydrides, polyhydric alcohols, and fatty oils and acids, consumes about 17% of the phthahc anhydride demand. While materials such as maleic anhydride, isophthahc acid, and fumaric acid can also be used, phthahc anhydride is the most important. The resin provides a binder for coatings that are apphed for either protection or decoration. Ak quahty concerns have put alkyd resins under pressure from water-based coatings which do not emit organic vapors upon drying. 

Like brines, alcohols were readily available and widely used as antifreeze Hquids in the early 1900s. Both methanol and ethanol offer exceUent heat transfer and efficient freeze point depression. However, the alcohols have the distinct disadvantage of their low boiling points. During the summer months when the engines operate hot, significant amounts of the alcohols are lost because of evaporation. These evaporative losses result in cosdy make-up requirements. Additionally, the alcohols have very low flash points and potentially flammable vapors. These safety concerns have, particularly in recent years, caused the use of alcohols to be completely discontinued for most heat-transfer systems. 

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