Alcohol An organic compound in which the

Alcohol an organic compound in which the hydroxyl group is a substituent on a hydrocarbon. (22.4)... 

Airpollution contamination of the atmosphere, mainly by the gaseous products of transportation and production of electricity. (5.10) Alcohol an organic compound in which the hydroxyl group is a substituent on a hydrocarbon. (22.4)... 

Sulfation is defined as any process of introducing an SO group into an organic compound to produce the characteristic C—OSO configuration. Typically, sulfation of alcohols utilizes chlorosulfuric acid or sulfur trioxide reagents. Unlike the sulfonates, which show remarkable stability even after prolonged heat, sulfated products are unstable toward acid hydrolysis. Hence, alcohol sulfuric esters are immediately neutralized after sulfation in order to preserve a high sulfation yield. 

Although Cr03 is soluble in some organic solvents, like tert-butyl alcohol, pyridine or acetic anhydride, its use in such solvents is limited, because of the tendency of the resulting solutions to explode.2,3 Nevertheless, acetone can safely be mixed with a solution of chromium trioxide in diluted aqueous sulfuric acid. This useful property prompted the development of the so-called Jones oxidation, in which a solution of chromium trioxide in diluted sulfuric acid is dropped on a solution of an organic compound in acetone. This reaction, first described by Jones,13 has become one of the most employed procedures for the oxidation of alcohols, and represents a seminal contribution that prompted the development of other chromium (VI) oxidants in organic synthesis. 

Much has been published on the selective electrochemical oxidation of a large variety of organic compounds, among which the higher alcohols (e.g. ethanol to acetic add, propanol-2 to acetone). The interesting point in the present context is that some of these conversions have also been studied purely catalytically in the liquid phase, employing catalysts such as Pt/C, with O2 or air as the oxidant. It has been remarked [152] that such systems should also be considered from an electrochemical point of view. Indeed, it stands to reason that the overall oxidation reaction is essentially the sum of the two constitutive electrochemical half-reactions [153]. In the case of alcohol oxidation we would then have... 

Fig. 1.6. An example of the reaction which yields energy by the oxidation of an organic compound by an organic compound in the alcohol fermentation. Circled numbers 1, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating) 2, alcohol dehydrogenase 3, phosphoglycerate kinase.

Metal alkoxides, also known as alcoholates, constitute a class of compounds in which the metal atom is attached to one or more alkyl groups by an oxygen atom. These substances have the general formula, M—O—R, where M is the metal atom and R, an alkyl group. Many metals in the Periodic Table are known to form alkoxides. However, only a few of them have commercial applications. These include the alkali and alkaline-earth metals, aluminum, titanium, and zirconium. Metal alkoxides have found applications as catalysts, additives for paints and adhesives, and hardening agents for synthetic products. They are also used in organic synthesis. 

A type of organic compound in which at least one hydroxyl group is bound directly to one of the carbon atoms of an aromatic ring. Phenols do not show the behavior typical of alcohols. In particular they are more acidic because of the electron-withdrawing effect of the aromatic ring. The preparation of phenol itself is by fusing the sodium salt of the sulfonic acid with sodium hydroxide ... 

Ether e-thor [ME, fr. L aether, fr. Gk aither, fr. aithein to ignitem blaze akin to OE ad pyre] (14c) n. (1) Any organic compound in which an oxygen atom is interposed between two carbon atoms or organic radicals in the molecular structure. Ethers are often derived from alcohols by elimination... 

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