ALARA Achievable

Similarly, airborne emission limits have been estabHshed by the NRC for nonrestricted areas. Limits of surface contamination must be estabHshed to provide a safe workplace for users (19). The appHcation of the as-low-as-reasonably-achievable (ALARA) principle to the above draws on the creative talents of the user to regard the limits as nonapproachable barriers and not as tolerable maxima for discharge. 

Exposures to carcinogens must be kept to a minimum. Workers exposed to A1 carcinogens without a TLV should be properly equipped to eliminate to the fullest extent possible all exposure to the carcinogen. For A1 carcinogens with a TLV and for A2 carcinogens, worker exposure by all routes should be carefully controlled to levels as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) below the TLV. 

As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) A standard for controlling and reducing worker exposure to pollutants. 

As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) exposure, 17 533, 551, 552 exposure to radioactive waste, 25 853 principle, radioactive release and, 21 279 25 853 risk, 14 219... 

ALARA As low as reasonably achievable BAL British Anti-Lewisite CIA Central Intelligence Organization CK Cyanogen chloride (blood agent)... 

A mutated cell may reproduce and begin the formation of a carcinogenic mass (tumor), and mutations may occur after acute or chronic exposure. The specific relationship between acute or chronic exposure rate and cancer risk is hotly debated, although current U.S. regulations conservatively adopted the linear no threshold (LNT) model. This model states that risk is linearly proportional to the total dose even at the smallest possible dose levels (risk is associated with all levels of dose no matter how small). An alternate model theorizes that no measurable adverse health effects appear below doses of about 10 to 25 rem (0.1 to 0.25 Sv). Data supporting both models are limited and, to be conservative, levels of exposure should be kept as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). Victim and emergency responder doses and dose rate may not be easily controlled in the event of a terrorist attack. However, methods to achieve ALARA exposures are described in Chapters 4 and 5. 

The Dutch-Danish 1991 philosophy paper highlighted that the Codex definition of a contaminant does not include inherent natural toxins (e.g. the glucosinolates and phycotoxins), since these substances are present in food as a result of the metabolic processes in the organism. It was then decided to have the GSCTF also to include such toxins, as they may in many ways be similar to contaminants. Many toxins are at least as toxic to humans as most contaminants, and they may also cause problems in international trade.10 It was also recommended and agreed by the CCFAC that the GSCTF should be based upon a horizontal approach, i.e. covering the important contaminants in all relevant foods, and that the MLs should be set as low as reasonably achievable - the ALARA principle. 

The approach to risk management for radionuclides, when they are regulated under AEA, incorporates a limit on acceptable dose (and therefore risk) and a requirement that doses be reduced below the limit as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA), economic and social factors being taken into account this approach conforms to NCRP s recommendations on radiation protection. In this approach, risks to individuals are divided into three categories of significance, which are commonly termed unacceptable, acceptable, and negligible. ... 

It is important to emphasize that achieving a negligible risk is not the goal of ALARA, because any non-negligible risk between intolerable and negligible levels is acceptable if it is ALARA. 

X 10 3. Annual effective doses in the range of 0.25 to 1 mSv from all man-made sources combined are acceptable if they are ALARA. However, doses toward the upper end of this range are regarded as only barely tolerable (ICRP, 1991), and doses below this range are expected to be justifiable and achievable in most cases, based on site-specific application of the ALARA principle. Therefore, lifetime risks from routine exposure to all man-made sources combined usually should not exceed about 1 X 10 3. 

The ALARA principle also has been used in decisions about risk management for chemicals that cause deterministic effects. RfDs often are used to define acceptable exposures to such substances. However, given the large safety and uncertainty factors often used in deriving RfDs from a NOAEL or LOAEL (see Section 3.2.1.2.4), RfDs generally correspond to doses considered negligible, and doses above an RfD may be permitted in particular situations if RfD is not achievable at a reasonable cost (see Section 3.3.2). 

When we put in a hard day s work, we want to be assured that we aren t being exposed to any unnecessary risks. Let s face it, at the end of our shift we all want to return safely to our homes in good health. Those working with radioactive materials therefore need to follow a few simple guidelines to help protect themselves from potential dangers. First and foremost, we must have a healthy respect for radioactive materials and radiation. Note that respect is different than fear. This respect will ensure that we do not get careless or complacent in our day-to-day activities. Secondly, we must maintain our exposure to radioactive materials in accordance with the ALARA principle. That is, we must maintain our exposure as low as reasonably achievable. Thirdly, three words will help enforce the... 

Other concepts used are ALARA (exposure as low as reasonable) or 7TC (threshold of toxicological concern) for insignificant low exposures. The ALARA principle intends to keep the exposure to substances at the lowest achievable level,... 

Optimization. The radiation exposure to any individual should be as low as reasonable achievable. This principle is the widely known ALARA concept, an acronym derived from as low as reasonable achievable. 

Current federal and state regulations limit radiation workers doses to a total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) of 5 rem/year and a committed dose equivalent to any organ, other than the lens of the eye, of 50 rem/year (EPA 1988c USNRC 1995a). These limits apply to the sum of external and internal doses. The limits are upper limits, and an important philosophy in radiahon protection is to keep radiation doses as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). 

Contaminants need to be removed during the refining process in order to achieve residual levels that are as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA-concept). In practice, this can be achieved by selective adsorption onto a suitable adsorbens or during the deodorization process. 

---