Aircraft engineering

The Zaporozhje Motor-Sich plant manufactures aircraft engines for all the CIS countries. One of the world largest aerospace concerns - Pivdenny - is functioning in Dniepropetrovsk Kharkov turbines are known in many countries. A high-capacity chemical production complex is located in the city of Kaloush. 

Other forms of carbon-carbon composites have been or are being developed for space shutde leading edges, nuclear fuel containers for sateUites, aircraft engine adjustable exhaust nozzles, and the main stmcture for the proposed National Aerospace plane (34). For reusable appHcations, a siHcon carbide [409-21 -2] based coating is added to retard oxidation (35,36), with a boron [7440-42-8] h Lsed sublayer to seal any cracks that may form in the coating. 

Alloy development in the former Soviet Union has produced alloys having strengths equivalent to IN-100 and Mar-M-200. Alloys developed in the United States and United Kingdom are also widely used in French aircraft engines. 

Ester fluids are modified with additives in much the same manner as petroleum oils. They are stabili2ed with an oxidation inhibitor, eg, 0.5 wt % phenothia2ine. Improved load capacity for gears and rolling bearings in aircraft engines is provided by 1—5% tricresyl phosphate. Zinc... 

One hquid in this class intended for aircraft engine use is described in military specification MIL-L-87100 for operation from +15 to 300°C. Limitations of this class of synthetics are pour points of +5°C and higher, relatively poor lubricity, and high cost of 265/L ( 1000 + /gal) (44). Polyphenyl ether greases are available with good radiation resistance for appHcations in the temperature range of +5 to 288°C. 

If the ECM of titanium is attempted in sodium chloride electrolyte, very low (10—20%) current efficiency is usually obtained. When this solution is replaced by some mixture of fluoride-based electrolytes, to achieve greater efficiencies (> 60%), a higher voltage (ca 60 V) is used. These conditions ate needed to break down the tenacious oxide film that forms on the surface of titanium. It is this film which accounts for the corrosion resistance of titanium, and together with its toughness and lightness, make this metal so useful in the aircraft engine industry. 

Hz unit. To accommodate the higher firing temperatures and mass flows, these units employ advanced alloys, coatings, and modified cooling schemes. Many features of these units were derived from aircraft engine designs. 

Co, Ci)-Si-B BCo powder, tape, RS foil cobalt-base aircraft engines. 

The only a-ahoy of commercial importance is Ti—5A1—2.5Sn. This ahoy is weldable, has good elevated temperature stabhity and good oxidation resistance to about 600°C, and is used for forgings and sheet-metal parts, such as aircraft engine compressor cases because of its weldabhity. The ELI version of this ahoy is used in the cryogenic area of rocket engines. However, the ahoy is difficult to produce and has not been designed into more recent aerospace systems. 

R. S. Schlaefer and S. D. Heron, Development of Aircraft Engines and Fuels, Harvard Business School, Boston, Mass., 1950. 

With binary copper—lead, the continuous copper phase provides the primary load support while pockets of 20—50% lead supply a continuous lead surface film. Tin content of 3—5% is commonly incorporated with the lead to minimi2e corrosion. Copper—lead alloys, either cast or sintered on a steel back, provide good fatigue resistance for heavy-duty main and connecting rod bearings for auto, tmck, diesel, and aircraft engines. 

Applications. Initial appHcations have been largely in military and aerospace areas. These include hydrauHc seals for military aircraft and fuel seals and diaphragms for both military and civiHan aircraft. Shock mounts for EZ are used on aircraft engines. Large fabric-reinforced boot seals are used in the air intake system on the M-1 tank. The material s useful temperature range, fuel and fatigue resistance, and fire resistance were determining factors in this appHcation. 

Regulation of aircraft engine emissions has been made a national responsibility by law in the United States. The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for establishing emission limits of aircraft engines, and the Secretary of Transportation is required to prescribe regulations to ensure compliance with these limits. 

EPA Proposed Revisions to Gaseous Emissions Rules for Aircraft and Aircraft Engines. Fed. Regist. 43, 12615 (1978). 

Figure 5-20. Characteristic of forced vibration or resonance in rotating machinery. (Ehrich, F.F., Identification and Avoidance of Instabiiities and Seif-Excited Vibrations in Rotating Machinery, Adopted from ASME Paper 72-DE-21, Generai Eiectric Co., Aircraft Engine Group, Group Engineering Division, May 11, 1972.)...

Woodhouse, H., Inlet Conditions of Centrifugal Compressors for Aircraft Engine Superchargers and Gas Turbines, J. Inst. Aeron, Sc., Vol. 15, 1948, pp. 403. 

In most aircraft engines the tubo-annular combustors are of the straight-through flow type seen in Figure 10-15. The straight-through flow type... 

A286 Alloy. A286 is an austenitic iron base alloy that has been used for years in aircraft engine applications. Its use for industrial gas turbines started about 1965, when technological advances made the production of sound ingots sufficient in size to produce these wheels possible. 

Burns, R.S. (1997) Intelligent Manufacturing, Journal of Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, MCB University Press, 69(5), pp. 440-446. 

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