Air stacking

Air Plant air Outdoor air Stack exhaust0 Plant air Outdoor air Stack exhaust0... 

Racking in air, stacking in piles Racking in air, stacking in piles Gas fired hot air... 

Stack A chimney, smokestack, or vertical pipe that discharges used air Stack effect Flow of air resulting from warm air rising, creating a positive pressure area at the top of a building and negative pressure area at the bottom. This... 

Table 4.24 shows operational emission values for benzene, toluene, xylene and phenol, as measured in one aluminium green sand foundry. Measurements were performed both at the shake-out grate and in the exhaust-air stack. Data are given for the traditional cold-box system and for one using vegetable-oil based solvents. A clear reduction in BTX and C-emissions is observed (25 - 50 % of stack emissions). 

Table 4.24 Emission data for cold-box core systems in an aluminium foundry, measured at the shake-out grate and in the exhaust-air stack [189, Hiittenes-Albertus, 2002]...

So far as cooling air is concerned, the operator is warned by alarms on pressure and flow of air and also on radioactivity in the air stack. Air flow failure causes a. mild automatic safety action (slow setback see Table 5.5.A). 

Online monitoring of particles in air (stack emission monitoring). 

The results of the MULTISORD calculations were that for the cold duct the 10 n/cm /s flux threshold was reached approximately half way along the third straight section situated at the lowest level of the building, and for the hot duct it was reached at the start of the third strmght section situated at the top of the building under the shield cooling air stack. Hus was taken into account in the following section which describes the Monte Carlo calculations. 

Excess Air Stack Temperature Eliiciency Heat Release Duty... 

N Air stack HEPA filtered exhaust air and gas from the N Reactor ventilation system. Reinforced concrete stack. 

N building houses the equipment used to sample effluent gases and particulates in the adjacent 116-N air stack. One sample collection device used clean water as the coolant for a condenser. When originally installed, the coolant drain pipe was improperly connected to the nearby 91-cm (36-in.) low-pressure flush line that carried irradiated reactor cooling water from the... 

N Fuel Unloading and Storage Area. This grouping is located near the 116-N air stack and the 116-N-2 radioactive chemical waste treatment and storage facility and includes the following potential sources ... 

N Tank Farm. The 166-N Tank Farm Is an earthen-bermed tank farm containing one aboveground 5,200,000-L (1,375,000-gal) No. 6 fuel oil tank and four aboveground 400,000-L (105,000-gal) diesel oil storage tanks. The earthen berm has a total containment capacity of 11,500,000 L (3,030,000 gal) (WHC 1989b). The tank farm Is located between the 116-N air stack and the 116-N-2 radioactive chemical waste treatment and storage facility. It has been In operation since 1963. 

The 117-N Building houses air filters used normally for filtering air from potentially contaminated areas in the 105-N Building. These filters will also be used after a severe accident involving significant fission product release. Effluent from the filters and some of the other parts of the 105-M Building is exhausted to the 116 N Air Stack. 

Small fuel cell stacks can operate on either diffused or forced reactant air. Diffused-air stacks are generally limited in their applicability because of air supply rate issues and their impact on geometry the requisite openness of the air compartments in such devices also tends to render them vulnerable to atmospheric conditions. Hence, diffused-air (static) fuel cells are usually practical only in certain particularly low-power applications, up to perhaps 25 Watts. ... 

Redundancy and separation of the air stacks of a passive decay heat removal system (SCOR). 

Easier for patients to alter their inspiratory volume by air stacking, which allows variation in speech and improves cough Less power and therefore batteries last longer... 

Volume ventilation is often used for patients with a tracheostomy, but can also be very effective for daytime ventilation when using NIV with a mouthpiece (see Figs. 6 and 7). Volume ventilation when used during the day can allow patients to air stack and thus vary... 

Secretion clearance is addressed in detail elsewhere in the text. However, physical therapy and careful hydration are the cornerstones of management. Mucupurulent secretions are often noted in acute respiratory failure. Administration of acetylcysteine 600 mg/day will decrease sputum viscosity hut its value in NIV patients has been less well studied. In patients with NMD, manually assisted coughing, air stacking, and mechanical devices can all be used in patients with a facial mask. On rare occasions, bronchial lavage under local anesthesia can be carried out during NIV. Secretion clearance reduces the ventilation pressures required to overcome the impedance to airflow. 

A spirometer is used to measure VC in sitting, recumbent, and sidelying positions. The spirometer is also used to measure the maximal insufflation capacity (MIC) for patients with VCs at least 30% less than predicted normal levels, who are trained in air stacking (45). Usually a manual resuscitator is used for the patient to air stack via a mouthpiece for the MIC measurements (Fig. 1). 

Figure 1 Air stacking with manual resuscitator via a mouthpiece in a high spinal cord patient with low vital capacity and suboptimal peak cough flow.

Figure 2 PCF measured from the maximally air stacked volume (MIC) in supine position in a neuromuscular patient. Abbreviations. PCF, peak cough flow MIC, maximum insufflation capacity.

Figure 9 Air stacking and manually assisted cough in a patient with neuromuscular disease, performed by the family caregiver.

Air stacking increases voice volume, maximizes CPF, improves pulmonary compliance, prevents atelectasis, and indicates effective use of NIPPV. Anyone who can air stack can be extubated to NIPPV. Such patients can be extubated without being ventilator... 

Patients who benefit from MAC have weak respiratory muscles but adequate bulbar-innervated muscle function for airway patency, although insufficient for air stacking to... 

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