Air particulate

Particle Sampler an instrument to measure particulate matter in ambient air. Particulate Matter dust, soot, other tiny bits of solid materials that are released into and move around in the air. See also fine particle, PM,o. 

SlUOCE COMBUSTIBLE MOISTURE, EXCESS AIR, PARTICULATES, STACK CASES... 

One example of normal-phase liquid chromatography coupled to gas chromatography is the determination of alkylated, oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in urban air particulate extracts (97). Since such extracts are very complex, LC-GC is the best possible separation technique. A quartz microfibre filter retains the particulate material and supercritical fluid extraction (SPE) with CO2 and a toluene modifier extracts the organic components from the dust particles. The final extract is then dissolved in -hexane and analysed by NPLC. The transfer at 100 p.1 min of different fractions to the GC system by an on-column interface enabled many PACs to be detected by an ion-trap detector. A flame ionization detector (PID) and a 350 p.1 loop interface was used to quantify the identified compounds. The experimental conditions employed are shown in Table 13.2. 

Figure 13.16 LC separation of urban air particulate exrtact (a), along with the GC/FID cliro-matogram (b) of an oxy-PAC fraction (transfeired via a loop-type interface). Reprinted from Environmental Science and Technology, 29, A. C. Lewis et al., On-line coupled LC-GC-ITD/MS for the identification of alkylated, oxygenated and nirtated polycyclic aromatic compounds in urban air particulate exti acts , pp. 1977-1981, copyright 1995, with permission from the American Chemical Society.

If the sample and standard have essentially the same matrices (e.g., air particulates or river sediments), one can go through the total measurement process with both the sample and the standard in order to (a) check the accuracy of the measurement process used (compare the concentration values obtained for the standard with the certified values) and (b) obtain some confidence about the accuracy of the concentration measurements on the unknown sample since both have gone through the same chemical measurement process (except sample collection). It is not recommended, however, that pure standards be used to standardize the total chemical measurement process for natural matrix type samples chemical concentrations in the natural matrices could be seriously misread, especially since the pure PAH probably would be totally extracted in a given solvent, whereas the PAH in the matrix material probably would not be. All the parameters and matrix effects. Including extraction efficiencies, are carefully checked in the certification process leading to SRM s. 

Direct Reverted-Phase LC Analysis of Air Particulate Extract... 

Recent Uses of Solid-Surface Luminescence Analysis in Environmental Analysis. Vo-Dinh and coworkers have shown very effectively how solid-surface luminescence techniques can be used for environmentally important samples (17-22). RTF has been used for the screening of ambient air particulate samples (17,18). In addition, RTF has been employed in conjunction with a ranking index to characterize polynuclear aromatic pollutants in environmental samples (19). A unique application of RTF reported recently is a personal dosimeter badge based on molecular diffusion and direct detection by RTF of polynuclear aromatic pollutants (20). The dosimeter is a pen-size device that does not require sample extraction prior to analysis. 

Nishioka MG, CC Howard, DA Conros, LM Ball (1988) Detection of hydroxylated nitro aromatic and hydroxy-lated nitro polycyclic aromatic compounds in ambient air particulate extract using bioassay-directed fractionation. Environ Sci Technol 22 908-915. 

Heller-Zeisler SF, FAjGELf A, Bernasconi G, Tajani a, Zeisler R (1998) Examination of a procedure for the production of a simulated filter-based air particulate matter reference material. Fresenius J Anal Chem 360 435-438. 

May WE, and Wise SA (1984) Liquid chromatographic determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air particulate extracts. Anal Ghem 56 225-232. 

Flg ire 8.29 Apparatus for siunpling airborne organic samples. A, trapping of organic volatiles in air using a sorbent trap B, thermal desorption chamber C, high-volume sampler for air particulates. 

Air samples can be analyzed by passing a known volume of air through a Teflon filter to catch air particulates followed by an activated charcoal filter to trap any gas-phase materials. The Teflon filters are extracted with hexane, concentrated, and analyzed by GC/MS. The charcoal traps are desorbed with carbon disulfide, concentrated, and analyzed by GC/MS. No performance data were reported (Dannecker et al. 1990). 

Air (particulates and gas) Sequential collection on Teflon filters and charcoal tubes solvent extraction with hexane (filters) and carbon disulfide (charcoal tubes) GC/MS Not specified Not specified Dannecker et al. 1990... 

Air (particulate lead) Collection of particulate matter onto membrane filter digestion with HN03 / H202 dilution with distilled water GFAAS (Method P CAM 7105) 2.0 pg/m3 82-103 NIOSH 1990, 1994... 

Air (particulate lead) Collection of sample onto cellulose acetate filter dissolution in HN03 with heat addition of HCI / H202 and reaction in hydride generator with sodium borohydride to generate lead hydride AAS 8 ng/L 100-101 Nerin et al. 1989... 

Air (particulate lead) Collection of sample onto filter addition of206Pb to filter dissolution of filter in NaOH acidification separation of lead by electrodeposition dissolution in acid IDMS 0.1 ng/m3 No data Volkening et al. 1988... 

Air (particulate PbS) Collection of particles onto filter, suspension in THF, recollection onto silver filter XRD 60 pg/m3 102.6 NIOSH 1994... 

Air (particulate and organolead) Collection of particulate matter collected onto nucleopore filters filtered gases cryogenically trapped and thermally desorbed XRF (particulate) GC/GFAAS (gaseous) 0.3 pg/m3 0.2 ng/m3 46->90 90-100 De Jonghe et al. 19 ... 

Contemporary Carbon Combustion Source Contributions to Urban Air Particulate Levels Using C-14 Measurements, to be published in Env. Sci. Tech., 1981. 

Nitro-PAH were determined in air particulate matter by RP-HPLC with reductive electrochemical detection sensitivity of 3-0.3 ng injected483. 

An Intercomparison study of trace element determinations In simulated and real air particulate samples has been published by Camp, Van Lehn, Rhodes, and Pradzynskl ( ). This Involved twenty-two different laboratories reporting up to thirteen elements per sample. The simulated samples consisted of dried solution deposits of ten elements on Mllllpore cellulose membrane filters. In our data analysis a set of energy dispersive X-ray emission results restricted to eight laboratories reporting six elements (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cd) was... 

Kinouchi T, Nishifuji K, Tsutsui H, et al. 1988. Mutagenicity and nitropyrene concentration of indoor air particulates exhausted from a kerosene heater. Jpn J Cancer Res 79(1) 32-41. 

COMMONER, B VITHAYATHIL, A. J. and DOLARA, P. Mutagenic Analysis of Complex Samples of Air Particulates, Aqueous Effluents, and Foods. ibid. 

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