Agricultural fungicide application

The rapid rise in the industrial (catalyst in PVC and foam production), agricultural (fungicides and acaricides), and biological applications (wood, stone, and glass preservatives) of organotin(IV) compounds during the last few decades has led to their accumulation in the environment and, consequently, in biological systems. 

The trichloromethylthiocarboximides have been used for many years as agricultural fungicides they have more recently found industrial applications and are among the most stable biocides available. Both the dicarboximide (19) and the phthalimide (20) provide protection for plastics a purified form of (19) is also available and recommended as a fungicide for cosmetic preparations. 

Triphenyl- and tributyltin compounds have strongly biocidal properties and are employed in some agricultural fungicides and wood preservatives42. Other possible applications include disinfectants for use in hospitals and for the eradication of snails that transmit bilharzia. However, these compounds are potentially hazardous because of the ease with which they inhibit oxidative phosphorylation in man. Oral administration of diethyltin diiodide as a treatment for boils led to many deaths43. ... 

Use of pyridines and their benzo derivatives in agriculture is a consequence of their considerable bioactivity in herbicide, insecticide, and fungicide applications. The reader should refer to CHEC(1984) 1984CHEC(2)511> and CHEC-II(1996) <1996CHEC-II(5)245>, as many of the compounds discussed therein remain of great commercial importance. Interest continues in developing new products containing pyridine-based compounds, some of which are mentioned below. 

Jarosova, I. (2008). The influence of fungicides application on the essential oil content in caraway (Carum carvi L ). Be. Thesis, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry Brno, Brno, Czech Republic. 

One important industrial application of the Diels-Alder reaction we have been discussing is in the synthesis of the agricultural fungicide Captan. 

A wide variety of applications has been proposed for aminothiazole derivatives from fungicides (Table VI-6) to a component of hair-waving lotions containing cosmetic resins for dyeing hair (733). The main applications cover the fields of agriculture, pharmacy, and photography or related activities. This section is only representative, not exhaustive, and can be completed with the indications given in Tables of Section VII. 

The screening of agricultural applications is summarized in Table VI-6. The most investigated applications are related to fungicides (305. 483. 

Triazole derivatives (diniconazole-M, epoxiconazole, fluhinconazole etc.) are widely used in agricultural practice as fungicides. The low application rates of these formulations require specific conditions for identification of residual quantities in different objects. 

By far the greatest emphasis in the research and application of microbial antibiotics has been concerned with animal and human health. Despite the extent of the problems relating to plant disease, the practical use of antimicrobial antibiotics in plant agriculture has been limited to a few crops and compounds Only streptomycin and actidione (XI) at present enjoy commercial importance. This may be due in part to the wider applicability of the less expensive synthetic fungicides and in part to the difficulty of arousing much public sympathy for a sick plant. 

An application where toxicity is the issue is pesticides. Commercial agriculture needs effective pesticides, particularly fungicides to deal with a range of plant pathogens. Most currently available actives are highly toxic and a risk to both operator and the environment. 

Curalan DF is a fungicide produced by BASF Corp. for the purpose of treating such diseases as brown patch and fusarium patch on turf. Curalan DF was applied to turf in California, Florida, and Pennsylvania at a rate of 5.6 lb of active ingredient in 80 gallons of finished spray solution per acre using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer. Four applications were made 14 days apart. These conditions were selected to reflect the maximum level of dislodgeable residue when the product is typically used in agricultural practice. 

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