Agricultural application China

Pyrethrins and pyrethroids are probably the best known and safest classes of natural or synthetic insecticides, widely used in domestic and agricultural applications (1-7). Pyrethrins are natural insecticides derived from the Chrysanthemum cineraria flowers the plant extract, called pyrethrum, is a mixture of six isomers (pyrethrin I and II, cinerin I and II, jasmolin I and II) which was first used in China in the century AD, during the Chou Dinasty. The world pyrethrum market is worth half a billion US dollars [main producers are East Africa highlands (Kenia, Tanzania and Rwanda) and Australia] however, its availability is subject to cyclical trends, due to rains and relations with farmers, who face high harvest costs also due to the fact that the flowers have to be... 

Inventor Liu, Z., X. Long, and A. Li Applicant Nanjing Agricultural Univer (China)... 

Clinoptilolite with the simplified formula (Na,K)6Si3oAle072 nH20 is the most common natural zeolite found mainly in sedimentary rocks of volcanic origin. Such deposits aroused strong commercial interest because clinoptilolite tuffs are often rather pure and can be mined with simple techniques. Approximately 25 years ago ca. 300,000 tons of zeolitic tuff were mined per year [1]. In 1997 ca. 3.6 Mio tons of natural zeolites (mainly clinoptilolite and chabazite) were worldwide produced [2], ca. 2/3 alone were stoped in China. Demand for natural zeolites has increased rapidly over the past decade, particularly in agricultural applications. Growth rates as high as 10% per year are forecasted [2]. 

Only when such studies have extended or modified the evidence reported from China will it be possible to determine how important rare earths are as crop nutrients and to predict the circumstances in which their agricultural application would be merited. In the meantime sufficient evidence exists to support the possibility that REE applications could improve crop yields. 

Ethanol in the past has been used commercially to synthesize dozens of other high-volume chemical commodities. However, at present, it has been substituted in many applications by less costly petrochemical feedstocks, e.g., ethylene. The availability of low-cost ethanol and the rising cost of ethylene, however, may change this scenario. For example, there is interest in producing ethylene from ethanol [71-73], while the opposite reaction is commercially current. Already, in markets with abundant agricultural products, but a less developed petrochemical infrastructure, such as the People s Republic of China, Pakistan, India, and Brazil, ethanol can be used to produce chemicals, including ethylene and butadiene, that would be produced from petroleum in the West. For example, ethanol may substitute alkenes for the alkylation of aromatics [82]. 

After 1983, the Standing Committee of State Council decided to stop the application of DDT in agriculture. Thereafter, DDT was mainly used as a raw material to produce Dicofol, with a small portion consumed as raw material to produce paints, as additives to produce mosquito-repellent incense, and to prevent malaria. The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has decided that DDT can be used in closed systems and indoor sites in small amounts to control disease vectors, but its outdoor use is forbidden to prevent pollution. Malaria control in China has been effective, and DDT has not been used by local CDCs since 2001. The sale and consumption of DDT in 2001 and 2002 are shown in Table 3.4. It is seen that 83.9% of DDT produced was used to produce Dicofol 8.5% of that was exported for malaria prevention, 2.5% was used to produce mosquito-repellent incense, and 3.9% was used to produce paints. The investigation of consumption in 10 provinces and cities of China indicates that DDT is no longer used for agriculture or termite control, and a small portion of DDT is still used to prevent malaria. For example, 380 MT of DDT was used to control malaria between 1997 and 2000 in Yunnan province. 

Aldrin and dieldrin have never been produced industrially in China but were produced on a pilot scale for termite control. Endrin has never been produced in China. Both aldrin and dieldrin are agricultural pesticides, which can prevent the damage caused by soil insects, such as termites, locusts, moths in wood, etc. However, the Ministry of Agriculture has never approved the registration and use of aldrin and dieldrin as agricultural pesticides. The application of dieldrin was concentrated in... 

Application of pesticides in China should follow Guidelines of Safety Application of Pesticides. There are over 50 laboratories that can conduct pesticide held trials certihed by 1C AM A. The good agriculture practices (GAP) for the safe and effective use of the product must be established. Over 1,000 held trials with over 300 active ingredients in more than 30 crops have been conducted in China. On the basis of these held trials, a series of GAP have been drawn up and new revisional MRLs have been proposed. The main contents in this GAP are common name, crops, application rate and method, maximum number of application, PHI (pre-harvest interval), and recommended MRLs. 

Plastic materials are the dominant materials used in applications from agriculture, to electronics, to medical devices to packaging. Starting from a mere 1.65 x 10 tons in 1950 they reached 280 x 10 tons in 2011 and continue to show explosive growth as populous countries like India and China become more industriaUzed and consume more plastic materials. 

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