Aggression stimulants

The amount of chloride, sulfate, thiosulfate, or other aggressive anions dissolved in water necessary to produce noticeable attack depends on many interrelated factors. Extraordinarily, if the water is quite aggressive, general corrosion may occur so rapidly outside the crevice that concentration differences cannot easily develop between the crevice interior and exterior. However, it is usually safe to assume that as the concentration of aggressive anions increases in solution, crevice attack is stimulated. Seawater chloride concentrations produce severe attack in most stainless crevices in a few weeks. 

Tubercles are mounds of corrosion product and deposit that cap localized regions of metal loss. Tubercles can choke pipes, leading to diminished flow and increased pumping costs (Fig. 3.1). Tubercles form on steel and cast iron when surfaces are exposed to oxygenated waters. Soft waters with high bicarbonate alkalinity stimulate tubercle formation, as do high concentrations of sulfate, chloride, and other aggressive anions. 

The corrosion of iron (or steel) can be inhibited by the anions of most weak acids under suitable conditions " . However, other anions, particularly those of strong acids, tend to prevent the action of inhibitive anions and stimulate breakdown of the protective oxide film. Examples of such aggressive anions are the halides, sulphate, nitrate, etc. Brasher has shown that, in general, most anions exhibit some inhibitive and some aggressive behaviour towards iron. The balance between the inhibitive and aggressive properties of a specific anion depends on the following main factors (which are themselves interdependent). 

Reductions in aggressive behavior after treatment with amphetamine and other psyehomotor stimulants are seen in children and adolescents who have been diagnosed with hyperkinesis or attention deficit disorder. There is considerable disagreement about these diagnostic categories and about whether the violent outbursts and uncontrolled episodes of aggressive behavior are limited to the early developmental period or continue into adulthood (Mendelson et al. 1971 Minde et al. 1972). 

Brain Stimulation-Induced Aggression in Rats None 2.0 IP 2.0 IP... 

Antagonism of several characteristic effects of amphetamine and cocaine by the alpha adrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin is a most recent example of noradrenergic mechanisms in the actions of psychomotor stimulants (Tessel and Barrett 1986). We investigated whether or not prazosin may attenuate the disruptive effects of amphetamine on social and aggressive behavior in mice and squirrel monkeys (Miczek, unpublished observations). Pretreatment with prazosin (0.4 mg/kg) attenuated the disruption of attack... 

Arnold, L.E. Kirilcuk, V. Corson, S.A. and Corson, E.O. Levoampheta-mine and dextroamphetamine Differential effect on aggression and hyperkinesis in children and dogs. Am J Psychiatry 130 165-170, 1973. Bain, G.T., and Kometsky, C. Naloxone attenuation of the effect of cocaine on rewarding brain stimulation. Life Sci 40 1119-1125, 1987. 

Miczek, K.A. A new test for aggression in rats without aversive stimulation Differential effects of (f-amphetamine and cocaine. Psychopharmacology 60 253-259, 1979. 

Miezek, K.A., and O Donnell, J.M. Intruder-evoked aggression in isolated and nonisolated miee Effeets of psychomotor stimulants and /-dopa. Psychopharmacology 57 47-55, 1978. 

Puri, S.K., and Lai, H. Effeet of dopaminergic stimulation or blockade on morphine-withdrawal aggression. Psychopharmacology 32 113-120, 1973. 

Behavioral therapy can be used to treat patients with ADHD however, it is generally not recommended as first-line monotherapy.8 Several studies have demonstrated that treatment with medication alone is superior to behavioral intervention alone in improving attention.12 However, behavioral therapy in combination with stimulant therapy was better at improving oppositional and aggressive behaviors.12 Behavioral modification involves training parents, teachers, and caregivers to change the physical and social environment and establishment... 

The growth and spread of thyroid carcinoma is stimulated hy TSH. An important component of thyroid carcinoma management is the use ofLT4 to suppress TSH secretion. Early in therapy, patients receive the lowest LT4 dose sufficient to fully suppress TSH to undetectable levels. Controlled trials show that suppressive LT4 therapy reduces tumor growth and improves survival. These patients are purposefully overtreated with LT4 and rendered subclinically hyperthyroid. Postmenopausal women should receive aggressive osteoporosis therapy to prevent LT4-induced bone loss. Other thyrotoxic complications, such as atrial fibrillation, should be monitored and managed appropriately. 

Attribution of the arousal source more generally has been shown to influence the level of resultant aggressiveness in a subject.233 In addition, when subjects think they have no control over their stimulation, they become more aggressive,234 and that effect may also be exacerbated by caffeine. 

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