Against Clostridium difficil

Ripa S, Mignini F, Prenna M, Falcioni E In vitro antibacterial activity of rifaximin against Clostridium difficile, Campylobacter jejunii and Yersinia spp. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1987 13 483-488. 

Marchese A, Salerno A, Pesce A, Debbia EA, Schito GC In vitro activity of rifaximin, metronidazole and vancomycin against Clostridium difficile and the rate of selection of spontaneously resistant mutants against representative anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, including ammonia-producing species. Chemotherapy 2000 46 253-266. 

Since colestyramine binds teicoplanin in vitro and reduces its activity against Clostridium difficile almost completely, there is potential for a clinically important interaction (53). 

Pantosti A, Luzzi I, Cardines R, Gianfrilli P. Comparison of the in vitro activities of teicoplanin and vancomycin against Clostridium difficile and their interactions with cholestyramine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985 28(6) 847-8. 

UK-69,753 (SMI) was isolated from cultures of Amycolatopsis orientalis [265]. Its structure was determined using UV, FABMS, elemental analysis, H and NMR, acid hydrolysis to give the disaccharide, and X-ray crystallography of the disaccharide unit [266], In vitro assay showed 90 posesscd antibacterial activity, being particularly effective against Clostridium difficile and Treponema hyodysenteriae (MIC = 0.39 pg/ml and 0.78 pg/ml, respectively [266], In vivo, 90 (3.6 or 7.1 mg/kg/day) provided effective treatment of mice colonized with T. hyodysenteriae [266]. 

Deng X K, Nesbit L A, Morrow K J, Jr (2003). Recombinant single-chain variable fragment antibodies directed against Clostridium difficile toxin B produced by use of an optimized phage display system. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 10 587-595. 

Kill rate analysis has been made against Clostridium Difficile (C. difficile) on polycotton and polyester fabrics treated with a proprietary silver nanoparticle suspension by dip coating (PC-GRSC and PE-GRSC respectively). As shown in Table 5.2, the nano-silver treatment results in the destruction of 99.99% of test populations of C. difficile within 1 h of application. 

List J EPA s Registered Antimicrobial Products for Medical Waste Treatment List K EPA s Registered Antimicrobial Products Effective Against Clostridium difficile Spores... 

Rea, M.C., Sit, C.S., Clayton, E., et al. (2010). Thuricin CD, a posttranslationaUy modified bacteriocin with a narrow spectrum of activity against Clostridium difficile. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107, 9352-9357. 

Vancomycin (Vancocin) acts against susceptible gram-positive bacteria by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis and increasing cell wall permeability. This drug is used in the treatment of serious gram-positive infections that do not respond to treatment with other anti-infectives. It also may be used in treating anti-infective-associated pseudomembranous colitis caused by Clostridium difficile. 

Inhibition of ENR FabK is appropriate for either a narrow spectrum against Streptococci and Clostridium difficile since it is an essential target for these species, or a broader spectrum in combination with a FabI inhibitor since some bacteria such as E. faecalis share both isoforms. 

Other inhibitors of cell wall synthesis. Bacitracin and vancomycin interfere with the transport of pepti-doglycans through the cytoplasmic membrane and are active only against gram-positive bacteria. Bacitracin is a polypeptide mixture, markedly nephrotoxic and used only topically. Vancomycin is a glycopeptide and the drug of choice for the (oral) treatment of bowel inflammations occurring as a complication of antibiotic therapy (pseudomembranous enterocolitis caused by Clostridium difficile), it is not absorbed. 

Immune milk products with specific antibodies against rotavirus, Clostridium difficile or E. coli have been launched on the market in Australia and the United States. It has been suggested that such preparations could provide a potential alternative for, or a supplement to, antibiotics, especially in the case of treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (Ruiz, 1994 Weiner et al., 1999 Korhonen et al., 2000b). The supplementation of infant formulas with specific antibodies has also been proposed, but no such product has been introduced on the market, so far (Goldman, 1989 Davidson, 1996). 

Chaves Olarte E, Florin I, Boquet P, et al. (1996) UDP-glucose deficiency in a mutant cell line protects against glucosyltransferase toxins from Clostridium difficile and Clostridium sordellii 271 6925-6932. 

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