Before, and after

The infrared spectra of the different samples were taken with a Fourier Transform infrared spectrometer (Digilab FTS-14) using the double beam mode vs. air as reference. 150 scans per sample and 100 scans per reference, at a resolution of 4 cm-l, were taken for every sample. All spectra were stored on tape, and a digital substraction of the after- and- before UV exposure (or any other sample treatment) spectra was performed, whenever needed, by an on-line computer, thus permitting a better visualization of the spectral changes in the polymer by UV- photooxidation. 

All acid sites were first neutralized with ammonia and ammonia was then desorbed at 277°C (550K) for 30 min. The ratio A55o/Ao, where A550 and Ao are the intensities of NH4+band (at 1450 cm 1) after and before desorption, represents a fraction of NH4+ ions which survived the desorption and was taken as a measure of the acid strength. For the... 

We would like to propose here a modified "cyclic evolution" scenario, which does not require any special mechanism for the reduction in ft. This is based on the idea that many CN systems are brighter both after and before the outburst. The fact that post outburst systems stay (for a few tens to 200 years) brighter than their real quiescent values is more or less established. It is sufficient to note that a number of systems, such as V1229 Aql, IV Cep, HR Del, FH Ser, V1500 Cyg and CP Pup did not return... 

During the collision, particle 2 gains a quantity (ir 2 — ir2) of if, where primed and unprimed quantities refer to the values after and before the collision, respectively. Considering only particles about to collide (i.e., taking v 2k> 0), we can express the collisional rate of increase for the mean of if per unit volume as... 

Cycloolefins having rings with more than four carbon atoms do not homo-polymerise in the presence of Ziegler-Natta catalysts based on titanium or vanadium compounds as precursors and alkylaluminium activators. However, these cycloolefins may copolymerise with ethylene via the double bonds while preserving the cycloolefin ring ethylene is able to compensate the steric hindrance at the Ca atom of the growing chain after and before the 1,2-insertion of the cycloolefin [2],... 

Si/Al values in the measured surface layer the bulk Si/Al is 7,16 fi C surface carbon on an atomic basis calculated by subtracting the amount of carbon element after and before coking ... 

The outside of the horn-like casque is often red, while the inside is a creamy yellow. This material was highly sought-after and, before the invention of firearms, very difficult to obtain. Asian artists produced snuff bottles, buttons, netsukes, and other small objects from this material. Sometimes the entire head of the bird would be retained, parts of it carved and some areas left in their natural state, sometimes even with feathers intact. Hornbill ivory is also known as golden jade, crane s crest, crane s bill, and ha-ting. 

In Table 2.5 the values with parenthesis show the calculation results without the lattice relaxation. As is seen in Table 2.5, calculated band gap values are little changed whether the coordinates after the lattice relaxation are used or not. As to the acceptor level there is a small difference in value between after and before the lattice relaxation. However, this is a negligibly small difference. It is therefore acceptable that the acceptor level has a minimal strain value of about 3%. However, it is not yet clear whether the present results are physically reasonable or not. Therefore, in the present stage, it is suitable to say that there is a possibility that an acceptor level has a minimal value at a certain strain introduction. 

Figure 10. Two views of the tubes, (a) Left, a series of Poincare sections, beginning with the TS, S(r). Large arrows denote the sense of trajectories, and gray ellipses denote the density of probability after and before crossing the TS. (b) A view of the dynamics in the and y sectors. P is the equilibrium point, and H the homoclinic point.

Fig. 4. Difference in DTG curves after and before acetaldehyde adsorption for BAX carbons.

Fig. lla-d. Transient absorption spectra of reaction intermediates (a-c) and final product (d) observed upon photopolymerization of a TS-6 crystal with a 308 nm laser pulse. Parameters are the temperatures and the delay times (At) between the laser pulse and spectra recording. In b and c the time window of the detection circuit was 100 ps. AOD is the difference of the optical densities after and before the UV-flash (from Ref. 

Table 1 Photon correlation spectroscopy diameter, polydispersity index, after and before disultrafiltration, and Z-potential of griseofulvin suspension...

The key optimization variables in the design are flowrate and composition of mixed refrigerants for each cycle, intermediate temperature between stages for each cycle, and operating pressures of stream after and before compressor for each cycle. The optimization formulation includes ... 

To accurately account for a late beginning or early end of a task in unit j after and before time point k, respectively, we introduce two new variables the lateness within interval k in starting a task, and b) "n within interval k-1 in finishing a task. We also introduce variables to model the time a processing unit remains idle ) or is used for storage, during interval k (Fig. Ic). 

Here the elongation ratio A = L/Lq is given by the ratio of lengths L and Lq after and before straining, respectively. Under applied strain, the complicated interplay of changes of angle and mean-square dimension from initial segment orientation and position leads to a second moment which assumes its minimum value near but not exactly at A = 1. 

The preparation method and the main properties are presented in Table 1. The loss of surface area is presented as the ratio of BET area after and before the hydrothermal treatment. 

The application of the second law of thermodynamics to chemistry, first occurring notably in the study of dissociation phenomena in solids, influenced Horstman in 1873 to point out that such changes are exactly similar to physical changes of state, and that the thermodynamic equation derived by Clapeyron and Clausius for changes of state are also applicable here, i.e., dp/dT QjT d - v), where p is the dissociation pressure, Q is the heat of dissociation, T is the absolute temperature, and C and v are the volumes of the system after and before dissociation. In the case in which a gas or vapor formed is supposed to behave as an ideal gas, and the volume of the solids is neglected in comparison with that of the gas, the equation becomes d log p/dT Q/RT, where R is the universal gas constant. ... 

In the derivation of Eq.(2.217) we have assumed that all orbitals are doubly occupied before and after chemisorption. If one wishes to study the case of an uneven number pf electrons, one has to sum independently the molecular orbital energy of the electrons with different spin molecular orbital energy after and before chemisorption, respectively. We will study chemisorption to a semi-infinite solid, so... 

S,g, where S, and ig are the sample lengths after and before fatigue, respectively. 

The ratio of the radiant power after and before the transmission of the electromagnetic radiation through the absorbing layer, i. e. transmittance, is measured. Range of operation mid- and far infrared. 

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