Before and after immersion

Fig. 4.27. Variation of electric conductivity of ZnO film under the influence of adsorption of CH3 radicals at room temperature for various pressures of acetone vapours 1,2 - 200 Torr 5-1 Torr 1, 2 - before and after immersion of the film in liquid acetone 4 - the film covered with a liquid layer.

Because of the extreme importance of regularity and freedom from failure which must characterise safety fuse, detailed and exhaustive tests must be carried out on the product. Certain controls are obvious, namely, measurement of powder charge and of burning speed, both before and after immersion in water. Other tests usually carried out include resistance to cracking on flexing at low temperatures round a mandrel, coil tests in which the fuse is bunched into flat or complex coils and freedom from failure after immersion in water is determined. New types of fuse are usually tested to indicate the amount of smoke produced and also to determine the adequacy of the end spit. The end spit is the projection of particles of burning powder from a cut end and is of importance because it provides the mechanism which enables the fuse to ignite a detonator. 

Figure 19.4 shows the SEM micrographs of the mst surfaces before and after immersion in the mangrove tannin solution at pH 4.0. The pre-rusted sample shows basically coral-like stractures distributed in a random matmer. This stracture disappeared with the tannin treated samples and was replaced by a coarse layer with cracks of irregular shapes. A closer inspection of the surface of each crack revealed tiny flowered-like stmctures stacked on top of one another. Unconverted mst stmctures were observed underneath the transformed tannins. 

The mechanical strength of the composite disk specimens was tested, before and after immersion, under biaxial flexure conditionsn [8-10] with a universal testing machine (United Calibration Corp., Huntington Beach, CA). The biaxial flexure strength (BES) of the specimens was calculated according to mathematical expression (1) [8-10] ... 

Figure 30.17 Tape adhesion test results at various water boiling times for primer on methane-plasma treated ETA-3183 with six cross-cuts made before and after immersion into boiling water 2 3 torches, 2.0 A arc current, 1000 seem argon, 10 seem methane, 270mtorr pressure, and 1.9 s plasma exposure time.

Recently, PCL containing bovine bone hydroxyapatite (HA) and hydroxyapa-tite/Ag (HA-Ag) composite nanoflbers were prepared via an electrospinning process [43]. The morphology, structure and thermal properties of the PCL, PCL/HA, and PCL/HA-Ag composite nanoflbers before and after immersion in SBF were characterized. SEM images revealed that the nanoflbers were well-oriented and incorporated the HA-Ag nanoparticles well. Mechanical study revealed that the yield stress of PCL/HA-Ag composite nanoflbers showed a higher value than that of PCL/HA composite, possibly due to the addition of metallic Ag nanoparticles [43]. 

The two consecutive chemisorption reactions (before and after immersion in the acid) led to the conclusion that two oxygen atoms are involved in a basic surface site. This assumption was confirmed by Papirer et al. [58], who analyzed the gases of thermal decomposition of basic carbons. The hypothesis was evolved... 

UV-Vis spectra were recorded before and after immersion. The TC films decomposed totally, while the CM polymer films revealed nearly no changes in the spectra. This shows that the CM polymers are stable under wet acid conditions, and therefore pass the stability criterion. 

PC/PP Tensile properties of complete range of blends before and after immersing in different solvents Tensile strength at yield = 66-77 elongation at break = 11-52% good resistance to alkali, diesel fuel and chloroform Manna et al 1997... 

Analyses of chemical structure in cured films, before and after immersion, were carried out by IR spectroscopy, utilising a Bonem-Michelson-100 FTIR instrument. 

The glass/resin interfacial shear strength was measured in specimens consisting of a single filament embedded in a resin (3) both before and after immersion in boiling water for six hours (denoted dry strength and wet strength respectively). 

The coupons were assembled in the racks with clean surgical gloves in the order specified and according to the test protocol. The racks were photographed before and after immersion. The coupons of the first and the fifth rack were pretreated by washing in deionized water, scrubbing with grease... 

Rack 2 was in the pool for exactly one year, and a 6063 coupon from this rack is shown in Fig. 8.2. Colour photographs of coupons from racks 2 and 3 were taken before and after immersion in the pool. The deposit (surface layer) on the 6063 coupon, seen in Fig. 8.2, could be easily removed by simple washing. 

The simplest and most common technique to evaluate pH-response is gravimetry. A polymer gel is weighed before and after immersion into a solution for a given time. From this, the equilibrium water content, or EWC, is calculated, as shown in (1). 

A more quantitative measure is the gel content (GC) as defined by (6.18), where W initiai and W residuai are the initial and residual weight of a polymer membrane sample before and after immersion in a solvent for a certain period of time, respectively. 

Fig. 13 shows the microstmcture and line-scan analysis of C-1.00 before and after immersion. Before immersion, BCC and ordered BCC phases cannot be resolved from the... 

Uninhibited and inhibited samples were analyzed by SEM and EDS in order to identify the morphology and composition of the corrosion products before and after immersion in seawater at 25°C. 

A more refined test can be made with a spectrophotometer. This instrument measures tight transmission through the fluid before and after immersion tests with the stocks. This gives a relative rating expressed in percent, the original fluid being rated as 100%. 

The effect of chemical reagents on other properties is determined by measuring standard specimens for such tests before and after immersion or stress, or both, if so tested [256]. 

Initial attempts at producing a catalytic chitosan film were carried out using a glass substrate and an Al substrate. A lwt% solution of chitosan was made up in 1% aqueous acetic acid and was cast onto the substrates and allowed to dry, initially at room temperature, and then at 60°C. Clear films were successfully formed in both cases, and were moderately resistant to abrasion, and completely resistant to soaking in hot solvents (water, ethanol, toluene, THF at 50 C for 72h had no effect on the film). Diffuse reflection infrared studies indicated the presence of chitosan on the substrates before and after immersion in solvents. 

Figure 3. XPS and XRD results for a high-modulus pitch-based carbon fiber before, and after, immersion in. and electrochemical treatment in. 1 M nitric acid. Each treatment consisted of 20 min at a series of increasing polarization potentials. The spectra labeled "overair are also known as "sur ey" or wide scan." (From Ref. 7.)...

Permittivity and adsorption efficiency of nanoclay-formulated and t5fpical geotextiles, (a and b) indicate before and after immersion, respectively. GT,... 

FTIR analyses of samples of polyaniline on aluminium before and after immersion in 3.5% NaCl, were compared with equivalent samples immersed in solution. Comparison was also made with samples immersed and then air dried for 1 week. The results of this analysis are given in Fig. 7.15. Here the relationship (ratio) of the reduced (A) to oxidised (B) forms was measured for the four different samples. This ratio reflects the oxidised state of the surface and can be correlated with the corrosion behaviour of the system. 

FTIR spectrum of PANI coated AA2024 before and after immersion in 3.5% NaCI solution... 

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