Adverse effects on health

Sulfur dioxide Fuel combustion (coal, oil), smelting and casting, manufacture of paper by sulfite process Primary metals (ferrous and nonferrous) pulp and paper Sensory and respiratory irritation, vegetation damage, corrosion, possible adverse effect on health... 

A material may be considered toxic if it has an adverse effect on health. Although it is often not difficult to prove that a material is toxic it is almost impossible to prove that a material is not toxic. Tobacco was smoked for many centuries before the dangerous effects of cigarette smoking were appreciated. Whilst some materials may have an immediate effect, others may take many years. Some toxic materials are purged out of the body and providing they do not go above a certain concentration appear to cause little havoc others accumulate and eventually a lethal dose may be present in the body. 

The idea behind OELs is to identify the highest level of exposure concentration and the corresponding reference time period for which we can be confident that there will be no adverse effects on health. However, the concentrations and lengths of exposure at which the presence of airborne chemical agents could damage health have not been clear for many years, and even today there are many questions to be answered. 

WILDLIFE (mg/kg dry weight) Diet Potential adverse effects on health and reproduction >10 total chromium in ration 8... 

In a broad sense, any substance or mixture of substances having properties capable of producing adverse effects on health, safety or the environment. These dangers may arise from but are not limited to [flammability, explosibility,] toxicity, reactivity, instability or corrosivity. 

ECETOC s main objective is to identify, evaluate, and through such knowledge help industry minimize any potentially adverse effects on health and the environment that may arise from the manufacture and use of chemicals. To achieve this mission, ECETOC facditates the networking of suitably qualified scientists from its member companies and cooperates in a scientific context with intergovernmental agencies, health authorities, and professional institutions. 

Whether single exposures of humans to the substance of interest could be associated with adverse effects on health... 

No adverse effects on health or clinical laboratory data were found in groups of volunteers given 2 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks. ... 

Impact Many adverse effects on health. Typhoid, dysentery, and skin diseases are among the possible health effects. 

Risk assessment, a process used to evaluate potential adverse effects on health from human exposure to veterinary drug residues, involves four stages starting from hazard identification and terminating through the hazard characterization and exposure assessment stages to risk characterization. 

The odor limit compared to other limits may indicate an early warning of a leak. The maximum allowed work place concentration (MAC), is the maximum allowed average concentration expressed in mgnT3 of a gas, vapor, or dust in air in a workplace, which has no adverse effects on health for an exposure of 8 hours per day or 42 hours per week for the majority of a population. Since it is an average, maintaining the concentration below this value does not guarantee no effects, since the sensitivity may differ within a population. On the other hand, a shortterm exposure to a concentration above MAC does not imply consequences on health. 

Total dissolved solids (TDS) pertains mostly to dissolved salts in water which may have adverse effects on health and/or the durability of household appliances. 

The Clean Air Act Amendment (Table II) states that adverse effects on health includes the entire gamut of ST and LT toxicological effects. 

The use of sapa became associated with adverse effects on health, and it became known that wine to which it had been added would induce abortions, for example. For this reason prostitutes used it and at the same time acquired a pale complexion as a result of anaemia caused by... 

One study has suggested that researchers looking for a connection between aluminium and Alzheimer s disease may have ignored the most important source of aluminium for the average person—foodstuffs that contain aluminium additives (36). The results implied that aluminium, added to such foods as anticaking agents, emulsifiers, thickeners, leaveners, and stabilizers, may have long-term adverse effects on health. However, the small sample size hampers any definitive conclusions, the odds ratios were very unstable, and the study had limited statistical power to rule out random errors. 

Further evidence in favor of a threshold dose for chemical toxicity comes from experimental studies. There are data from thousands of experiments in which doses were identified as having no observable adverse effect on health. The maximum dose at which no-effects are... 

One management tactic suggested for such patients is the avoidance of dairy products. However, as milk is a major component in the human diet, this deprives them from the use of a valuable nutritional source. In addition, since milk can provide much of the required calcium for maintaining bone health, lactose intolerance can also be associated with osteo-paenia in old people (Corazza et al., 1995). A report suggests that by 2020, half of all American citizens older than 50 will have low bone mass and be at risk for fractures from osteoporosis if appropriate dietary and other precautions are not followed (Carmona, 2006). Therefore, excluding milk from diet has adverse effects on health. 

Once the study begins, sponsors shall immediately conduct an evaluation of any unanticipated adverse device effect. An unanticipated adverse device effect means any serious adverse effect on health or safety or any lifethreatening problem or death caused by, or associated with, a device, if that effect, problem, or death was not previously identified in nature, severity, or degree of incidence in the investigational plan or application, or any other unanticipated serious problem associated with a device that relates to the rights, safety, or welfare of subjects. On a practical note, adverse effects that appear in a study that are not included in the package insert may be considered unanticipated. ... 

As with MAK values, BAT values are established on the assumption that persons are exposed at work for at most 8 h daily and 40 h weekly. BAT values established on this basis may also be applied without the use of correction factors to other patterns of working hours. BAT values can be defined as concentrations or rates of formation or excretion (quantity per unit time). BAT values are conceived as ceiling values for healthy individuals. They are generally established for blood and/or urine and take into account the effects of the substances and an appropriate safety margin, being based on occupational medical and toxicological criteria for the prevention of adverse effects on health. 

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