Adverse drug reactions classification

Constipation may occur as an adverse drug reaction. When the patient has constipation as an adverse reaction to another drug, the primary care provider may prescribe a stool softener or another laxative to prevent constipation during the drug therapy. Display 48-2 lists the names of some dm and drug classifications that may cause constipation. 

There have been several attempts over the years to classify adverse drug reactions, primarily based on the perception of what can and what cannot be predicted given knowledge of the pharmacology and toxicology of the drug. For example, Edwards and Aronson [13] proposed what is probably the most extensive classification system ... 

Drug-related problems can be defined as Any undesirable event experienced by the patient that involves or is suspected to involve drug therapy and that actually or potentially interferes with a desired patient outcome (Strand et al. 1990). This is a vital component of Pharmaceutical Care and Clinical Pharmacy and will be described more in detail in another chapter. It should however be noted that there are several definitions and classification systems for DRPs. A literature review (van Mil et al. 2004) identified fourteen classifications and their critical elements. In the presented definition a potential problem is a DRP but this is not the case in all definitions and classifications. This is also the case for unavoidable adverse drug reactions (e.g. with cytotoxic agents). 

Fincham, J., Drug classification of Mississippi adrs. a statewide program to stimulate reporting of adverse drug reactions, /. Pharm. Pract., 2, 239-244, 1989. 

Types of adverse drug reaction There are several classifications of adverse reactions, but the most commonly employed define two principal kinds (A and B) and three subordinate classes (C, D and E). 

The ABPI Code of Practice, in line with European Directive 75/319/EEC, calls for an efficient transfer of information on adverse drug reactions. In the case of defective medicines, an ABPI Batch Recall of Pharmaceutical Products system is in operation. In the ABPI Expanded Syllabus, batch recall is referred to in the Pharmaceutical Technology section and adverse drug reactions in the Pharmacology and Classification of Medicines and the Pharmaceutical Industry and the NHS sections. 

Table 1 Classification of adverse drug reactions on the basis of pathological effect (Liebler and Guengerich 2005)...

Table 1.4 Classification of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) in Humans...

Klein U, Klein M, Sturm H et al. (1976) The frequency of adverse drug reactions as dependent upon age, sex and duration of hospitalization. Int J Clin Pharmacol 13 187-195 Koch-Weser J (1968) Definition and classification of adverse drug reactions. Drug Inform BuU 2 72-78... 

Because of these difficulties in establishing the mechanism for both types of reaction, allergy, and idiosyncrasy (incidentally both are classified as type B adverse drug reactions, according to Rawlins and Thompson s classification, 1977),... 

Callreus T. Use of the dose, time, susceptibility (DoTS) classification scheme for adverse drug reactions in pharmacovigilance planning. Drug Saf 2006 29(7) 557-66. 

Calder6n-Ospina C, Bustamante-Rojas C. The DoTS classification is a useful way to classify adverse drug reactions a preliminary study in hospitalized patients. Int J Pharm Pract 2010 18(4) 230-5. 

Terminology Classification of Adverse Drug Reactions and the terms Hypersensitivity, and Allergy... 

Several types of adverse drug reactions do not easily fit into Cell and Coomb s classification scheme. These include most cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions (such as toxic epidermal necrolysis), immune-allergic hepatitis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Another difficulty is that allergic drug reactions can occur via more than one mechanism picryl chloride in mice induces both type 1 and type IV responses. Although other classification schemes have been proposed. Cell and Coomb s system remains the most widely utilized scheme [4-7]. 

The remaining chapters discuss specific drug classifications and contain a common format. In addition to the learning objectives and key terms, the remaining chapters contain a table indicating the drag classifications and drugs discussed in the chapter. The body of each chapter contains the actions, uses, adverse reactions, contraindications, precautions and interactions of... 

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