Advanced nuclear fuel cycles energy systems

Bressee, J.C. 2007. The Global Nuclear Energy Partnership and the spent fuel take-back provision. Global 2007 Advanced Nuclear Fuel Cycles and Systems, September, Boise, ID. 

OECD. 2002. Accelerator-Driven Systems (ADS) and Fast Reactors (FR) in Advanced Nuclear Fuel Cycles. Nuclear Development Report No. 3109 (2002). Paris, France Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Also available online at . 

The main efforts in this century therefore must be concentrated to material conversion and management, which mean the realization of nuclear fuel cycle. Practically the following two steps are considered (1) an LWR fuel cycle that leads to advanced reactors such as the sodium fast reactor (SFR) and (2) an advanced nuclear energy system with related fuel cycle. The second step is more concerned with nuclear material and sensitive to nuclear arms. Therefore, the nuclear menace shall be fully concerned, and individuals as well as organizations in the nuclear community shall make up their minds to develop advanced nuclear energy system exclusively for peaceful use. Advanced nuclear energy system shall be developed for future prosperity of mankind and limited only to peaceful purposes. 

What is mentioned above is obviously expected for the nuclear energy in the twenty-first century. Some concepts about FRs as well as LWRs have already been su ested, and their design studies have also been carried out. It is expected that these concepts will be developed and used to create the above mentioned nuclear energy systems the safety systems to be described more simply, the economical nuclear energy systems to be placed near metropolises, and the power supply systems in remote areas far fi"om transmission networks. These ideas are also applicable to other systems such as reprocessing plants instead of one large plant that can reprocess spent fuel for tens of reactors, the installation of smaller plants is under discussion along with the discussion on advanced fuel cycle concepts. 

Greenspan, "Confinement Approaches for Burning Alternate Fuels," Fourth Topical Meeting, Technology of Controlled Nuclear Fusion, King of Prussia, PA (1980), p. 270. Rikihisa, H. Nakashima, and M. Ohta, "Characteristics of Advanced-Fuel Cycle for Base-Satellite Fusion Reactor System," Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Emerging Concepts in Nuclear Energy, Lausanne, Switzerland (April 1980). 

However, it has also been concluded over the years that further work would be required to advance the GFR technology to the level of prototypes demonstrating its performance characteristics and commercial viabUity. The key research areas of contemporary GFR R D efforts include reactor design fuel fuel cycles structural materials system optimization and, most importantly, safety (Technology Roadmap Update for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems, 2014). 

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