Adrenaline action

SD Klyce, RKS Wong. (1977). Site and mode of adrenaline action on chloride transport across the rabbit corneal epithelium. J Physiol 266 777-799. 

The pharmacological properties of hydroxyzine are quite similar to those of chlorpromazine. It has antihistamine and anti-acetylcholine actions as have, indeed, most of the derivatives listed. Like chlorpromazine, hydroxyzine is anticonvulsive, it potentiates the action of hypnotics, it produces hypothermia and hypotension, it depresses the reticular system and it has some anti-adrenaline action. Extrapyramidal side effects do not, apparently, occur, perhaps because of the drug s rather powerful anti-acetylcholine action which probably also explains such side effects as dryness of the mouth and the occasional occurrence of central excitation. Epileptiform seizures have also been seen during hydroxyzine therapy. The fact that anti-acetylcholine and antihistamine activity is found with many of the diphenylmethane derivatives, whether depressant or excitatory, suggests that the tranquillizing effect of hydroxyzine cannot be due to its antagonizing the action of acetylcholine or histamine. 

Weser, U. Inhibition of adrenaline action on liver dephosphophosphorylase by borate. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 121, 413 (1966). 

Caffeine, 1,3,7-trimetkylxanlhine a purine derivative (see Methylated xanthines) found in coffee beans and leaves, tea leaves, cocoa beans and cola nuts. It is usually produced from tea leaves (1.5-3.5% caffeine content) and as a byproduct from the production of decaffeinated coffee. Due to its stimulatory effects on the central nervous system, C. and C.-containing beverages are used to stimulate the heart and eireula-tion. Its effects are mainly due to inhibition of the phosphodiesterase that degrades cyclic AMP to AMP in adrenalin-producing cells, thereby prolonging adrenalin action. 

PROPERTIES OF THE CUBJffiNT (if) WHICH UNDERLIES ADRENALINE ACTION... 

Antagonistic effects of ergotamine against ADR were described by Goodman and Knobil (1959) in rats and by McEIroy and Spitzer (1961) in dogs. Dihydroergotamine antagonizes the adrenaline action in rats (Ellis and Kennedy, 1965). 

Delourme-Houd found that on conversion to quaternary derivatives the capacity of sparteine to intensify and prolong the hypertensive action of adrenaline was increased. Pratesi and Aitieri have investigated the sparteine-like activity of piperidine derivatives of the type, CjHioN. CHj. CHjX where X is NH, NMcj, NEtj, NMePh or a second... 

Raymond-Hamet has made a special study of the vascular action of the harmala alkaloids and certain of their proximate derivatives, including their influence on the pressor and other effects of adrenaline in comparison with that of yobyrine and ketoyobyrine (pp. 505-6). 

According to Camus, hordenine is of low toxicity, but in large doses it causes death by arrest of respiration. It is less active than adrenaline but analogous in its action, resembling ephedrine rather than adrenaline. Barger and Dale found that the methiodide had a marked nicotine-... 

In a monograph on ephedrine Gaddum has reviewed the differences in the action of adrenaline and ephedrine and has suggested that the latter has the same relation to adrenaline as physostigmine has to acetylcholine, that is, ephedrine inhibits the action of an enzyme system, which normally destroys adrenaline, or the substance closely resembling it, produced by adrenergic nerves. 

Raymond-Hamet has given much attention to the action of the Rauwolfia alkaloids. Using Siddiqui s ajrhalinine, he found that it provokes hypotension accompanied by renal dilatation and exerts a true sympathi-colytic action. 1 Ajmaline and serpentine also induce hypotension and a decrease in intestinal action serpentinine diminishes the renal constrictive action of adrenaline, but does not alter its hypertensive effects. ... 

A preliminary report on rauwolscine by Chakravarti indicates that it is a cardiovascular depressant, shows hypotensive action and a relatively high toxicity. Koepfli s rauwolfine produces a fall in blood pressure, and stimulation of respiration in frogs it has a curare-like action. The rauwolfine of van Itallie and Steenhauer has been examined by Hartog and by de Boer, especially in regard to its cardiac action. According to Raymond-Hamet, it reverses the action of adrenaline. 

Adrenaline (epinephrine) is a catecholamine, which is released as a neurotransmitter from neurons in the central nervous system and as a hormone from chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland. Adrenaline is required for increased metabolic and cardiovascular demand during stress. Its cellular actions are mediated via plasma membrane bound G-protein-coupled receptors. 

The adrenergic system is an essential regulator that increases cardiovascular and metabolic capacity during situations ofstress, exercise, and disease. Nerve cells in the central and peripheral nervous system synthesize and secrete the neurotransmitters noradrenaline and adrenaline. In the peripheral nervous system, noradrenaline and adrenaline are released from two different sites noradrenaline is the principal neurotransmitter of sympathetic neurons that innervate many organs and tissues. In contrast, adrenaline, and to a lesser degree noradrenaline, is produced and secreted from the adrenal gland into the circulation (Fig. 1). Thus, the actions of noradrenaline are mostly restricted to the sites of release from sympathetic nerves, whereas adrenaline acts as a hormone to stimulate many different cells via the blood stream. 

Several mechanisms serve to terminate the biological actions of noradrenaline and adrenaline. From the... 

The biological actions of adrenaline and noradrenaline are mediated via nine different G-protein-coupled receptors, which are located in the plasma membrane of neuronal and nonneuronal target cells. These recqrtors are divided into two different groups, a-adrenergic receptors and P-adrenergic recqrtors (see P-adrenergic system). 

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