Adolescent schizophrenia

For olanzapine, the literature for adolescent schizophrenia is sparse adult patients are generally treated... 

Several case reports suggest good efficacy of risperidone in child and adolescent schizophrenia (for review see Toren et al., 1998). 

Pool D, Bloom W, Mielke DH. A controlled evaluation of Loxitane in seventy-five adolescent schizophrenia patients. Curr Ther Res 1976 19 99-104. 

Lewis R. Typical and atypical antipsychotics in adolescent schizophrenia efficacy, tolerability, and differential sensitivity to extrapyramidal symptoms. Can J Psychiatry 1998 43(6) 596-604. 

The advent of novel atypical antipsychotic drugs has sharpened the debate in the UK about the cost burden of schizophrenia to the National Health Service (NHS) and the relative cost-effectiveness of these drugs. Schizophrenia has a prevalence of about 0.5% and a lifetime risk of 1%. Because the disease affects adolescents and has a lifetime course associated with a high degree of hospital and social... 

The prefrontal cortex (PFQ and in particular the dorsal lateral part (DLPFQ appear to be particularly important in schizophrenia (Kerwin 1992). Lesions there are known to produce functional defects in humans reminiscent of many of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as attention and cognitive defects and withdrawal. Despite this, no specific pathology is seen in the DLPFC in schizophrenics although there is some atrophy and neuronal loss which are normally old and could be congenital. That being so, it is necessary to explain why the symptoms become apparent only in adolescence. 

Feinberg, I. (1982). Schizophrenia caused by a fault in programmed synaptic elimination during adolescence J. Psychiat. Res. 17, 319-34. 

Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic disabling mental disorder. Schizophrenia affects approximately 1% of the population worldwide. Symptomatic onset occurs in late adolescence and early adulthood in males and somewhat later in females, who tend to be somewhat less severely affected. It is estimated to be the seventh most costly medical illness to society in terms of cost of care and loss of productivity, because less than 30% of affected individuals... 

Sporn, A. L., Greenstein, D. K., Gogtay, N. et al. Progressive brain volume loss during adolescence in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 160 2181-2189, 2003. 

Ambrosini, P. J. (2000). Historical development and present status of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for school-age children (K-SADS). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39,49-58. 

Schizophrenia is a psychotic illness and is one of the most common psychotic disorders (a mental illness in which the sufferer loses contact with reality). About half a million people in the UK suffer from schizophrenia. It affects mainly adolescents and young adults, and there is a genetic component to the disease. Lay terms that have been used for the disorder are insanity, lunacy and madness. Hospitals that catered for such patients were formerly known as lunatic asylums. 

The preliminary findings of a relationship between serotonin S-HTja receptor genotype and atypical antipsychotic responsiveness in schizophrenia warrant replication and could be extended to children and adolescents with autism. Investigation along these lines has been included in the (National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)-sponsored multicenter study of risperidone in autism (Arnold et ah, 2000). 

Friedman, Dasari, and colleagues conducted more recent structural MRI studies of children and adolescents 10 to 18 years of age, including 20 with schizophrenia, 15 with BD, and 16 healthy controls. Decreased thalamic volume (adjusted for total brain volume), decreased intracranial volume, and increased frontal and temporal sulcal size were found in the combined patient group compared to measurements in the healthy control group. However, differences were not detected between the two diagnostic groups (Dasari et ah, 1999 Friedman et ah, 1999). 

Dasari, M., Friedman, L., Jesberger, J., Stuve, T.A., Findling, R.L., Swales, T.P., and Schulz, S.C. (1999) A magnetic resonance imaging study of thalamic area in adolescent patients with either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder as compared to healthy controls. Psychiatry Res 91 155-162. 

J. L. (1999) Childhood-onset schizophrenia progressive brain changes during adolescence. Biol Psychiatry 46 892-898. 

Hollis, C. (1995) Child and adolescent (juvenile onset) schizophrenia a case-control study of premorbld developmental impairments. Br J Psychiatry 166 489-495. 

Hollis, C. (2000) Adult outcomes of child- and adolescent-onset schizophrenia diagnostic stability and predictive validity. Am J Psychiatry 157 1652-1659. 

Kumra, S., Jacobsen, L.K., Lenane, M., Smith, A., Lee, P., Malanga, C.J., Karp, B.I., Hamburger, S., and Rapoport, J.L. (1998a) Case series spectrum of neuroleptic-induced movement disorders and extrapyramidal side effects in childhood-onset schizophrenia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37 221-227. 

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