Adenosine triphosphate synthesis

Mechanism of Action A systemic anti-infective that inhibits the mitochondrial electron-transport system at the cytochrome bcl complex (Complex 111), which interrupts nucleic acid and adenosine triphosphate synthesis. Therapeutic Effect Antiprotozoal and antipneumocystic activity. 

The answer to the first question relates to the coupling of proton energies generated by light or oxidation to ATP (adenosine triphosphate) synthesis... 

S. R. Kornberg (1957a). Adenosine triphosphate synthesis from polyphosphate by an enzyme from... 

Brand, M. D., 1977, The stoichiometric relationships between electron transport, proton translocation and adenosine triphosphate synthesis and hydrolysis in mitochondria, Biochem. Soc. Trans. 5 1615nl620. 

M.W. Hosseini, J.M. Lehn, Supramolecular Catalysis of Adenosine-Triphosphate Synthesis in Aqueous-Solution Mediated by a Macrocyclic Polyamine and Divalent Metal-Cations , J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 451 (1991)... 

Heber, U. Santarius, K. A. Loss of Adenosine Triphosphate Synthesis... 

Atovaquone is an antiprolozoal agent (750 mg p.o. t.i.d for 21 days), that inhibits mitochondrial electron transport in metabohc enzymes of microorganisms. This may cause inhibition of nucleic acid and adenosine triphosphate synthesis. Atovaquone is indicated in the treatment of mild to moderate Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients who cannot tolerate trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, and in acute oral treatment of mild to moderate PCP in patients who are intolerant to trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole. 

Whittingham Adenosine triphosphate synthesis and the natural electron acceptor for synthesis of serine from... 

The inner membrane houses the electron transport chain and adenosine triphosphate synthesis. The inner membrane has numerous folds called cristae, which have a folded structure that greatly increases the surface area where ATP synthesis occurs (Figure 11.1(b)). 

Mitochondria organize electron transfer and the associated reactions leading to the adenosine triphosphate synthesis called oxidative phosphorylation. Synthesis of adenosine triphosphate is an endothermic reaction, and hence conserves the energy released during biological oxidation-reduction reactions. Electron transfer and associated reactions leading to ATP synthesis are membrane-bound phenomena. NADH and FADH2 are the reduced cofactors of NAD" " and the FAD. The oxidation of one NADH produces approximately three... 

Adenosine is not active orally, but adrninistered as an iv bolus dmg adenosine rapidly eliminates supraventricular tachycardias within 1—2 min after dosing. The dmg slows conduction through the AV node. Adenosine is rapidly removed from the circulation by uptake into red blood ceUs and vascular endothehal ceUs. Thus the plasma half-life is less than 10 s. Adenosine is rapidly metabolized to inosine or adenosine monophosphate and becomes part of the body pool for synthesis of adenosine-triphosphate. 

Synthesis of adenosine triphosphate by means of cyclic catalysis (Nobel lecture) 98AG(E)2308. 

Figure 29.1 An overview of catabolic pathways for the degradation of food and the production of biochemical energy. The ultimate products of food catabolism are C02 and H2O, with the energy released in the citric acid cycle used to drive the endergonic synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) plus phosphate ion, HOPO32-.

Atorvastatin, structure of, 105. 516 ATP (see Adenosine triphosphate) ATZ, see Anilinothiazolinone, 1031-1032 Aufbau principle. 6 Axial bonds (cyclohexane), 119 drawing, 120 Azide, amines from, 929 reduction of, 929 Azide synthesis, 929 Azo compound, 944 synthesis of, 944-945 uses of. 945... 

A remarkable feature of the bioenergetic oxidation reactions of nutrients in cells is the fact that they are always coupled to another reaction, that of synthesis of the energy-rich chemical substance adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphate (oxidative phosphorylation Engelgardt and Ljubimova, 1939) ... 

ECF. Note that phosphorus is the major anion within the cells. Given this distribution, serum phosphate concentration does not accurately reflect total body phosphorus stores. Phosphorus is expressed in milligrams (mg) or millimoles (mmol), not as milliequivalents (mEq). Because phosphorus is the source of phosphate for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phospholipid synthesis, manifestations of phosphorus imbalance are variable. 

The initial conversion of light into chemical energy takes place in the thylakoid membrane. Besides the chlorophylls and series of electron carriers, the thylakoid membrane also contains the enzyme adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase. The enzymes that are responsible for the actual fixation of C02 and the synthesis of carbohydrate reside in the stroma that surround the thylakoid membrane. The stroma also contains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and ribosomes that are essential for protein synthesis [37]. 

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is one of the most important cofactors involved in many of the synthetic reactions going on within the cell. Its recent large scale in vitro enzymatic synthesis from adenosine and acetylphosphate is of particular interest. Three enzymes immobilized in polyacrylamide gel were used adenosine kinase, adenylate kinase and acetate kinase (lip. ... 

Reference may be made to the great value of this reaction in the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate.4... 

Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase is one of the very few enzymes which transfer a pyrophosphoryl group from ATP in one step. When the synthesis is carried out in lsO-enriched water, lsO is incorporated into the PRPP, but not into AMP.91 The lsO in the PRPP arises from a pre-exchange between the H2180 and the ribose phosphate, and hence the results confirm that fission of the /5-P—O bond takes place. PRPP and ATP are starting materials in the biosynthesis of histidine, and Ai-(5 -phospho-D-ribosyl)adenosine triphosphate (29) is an intermediate. The... 

Before further testing and to confirm that the compounds are cytotoxic rather than merely interfering with the Alamar blue indicator dye, they are re-bioassayed using two other indicator dyes. Calcein-AM is a fluorescent dye that measures changes in cell mem brane permeability, an indicator for one of the penultimate steps of cell death, uci e e measures the amount of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis in a chemilurmne assay. For some compounds, cell death was also confirmed by microscopic exami Papanicolaou-stained cell preparations.11... 

Mitochondria are found in the cell body and all processes of the neuron. They possess a double membrane and their own DNA and they play a role in cellular respiration and energy synthesis. Mitochondria contain enzymes essential for energy production in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). 

The cytochrome b(6)f complex mediates electron transfer between the PSI and PSII reaction centers by oxidizing hpophUic plastoquinol (PQH2) (see Figure 7.24) and reducing the enzymes plastocyanin or cytochrome Ce. The electronic connection also generates a transmembrane electrochemical proton gradient that can support adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis instead of electron transport. 

The energy released is captured in the form of a molecule known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and is used to drive all our energy-requiring processes synthesis of complex molecules, movement, nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and so on. 

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