Adenosine triphosphate demand

A constant need for ready energy exists because muscles must be able to respond on demand. Compounds such as creatine, phosphate, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), myoglobin, creatine kinase (CK), calcium, and a host of oxidative enzymes are all involved. Red musculature is usually more efficient than pale muscle because it contains more myoglobin and more oxidative enzymes. In any one motor unit, however, all the muscle fibers are the same type. 

Chlorophenols block adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, without blocking the electron transport chain. They inhibit oxidative phosphorylation, which increases basal metabolic rate and increases body temperature. As body temperature rises, heat-dissipating mechanisms are overcome and metabolism is accelerated. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and other substrates accumulate, and stimulate the electron transport chain further. This process demands more oxygen in a futile effort to produce ATP. Oxygen demand quickly surpasses oxygen supply and energy reserves of the body become depleted. 

The essential elements of Table 2.1 meet these demands. In all cases they are components of the metabolic system in cell or of important final products for example, cellulose for the upright standing of the plant. The function as constituents of such compounds is clear for C, H, and O. These three elements are together components of nearly all organic compounds in the plant [only hydrocarbons (e.g., carotins) are free of O], and therefore they build up the planfs shape. A similarly clear situation holds true for N and P, both of which are constituents of the information carriers DNA and RNA. N is a component of their purine and pyrimidine bases, while phosphoric acid esters of D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose form the backbone of their nucleotide sequences. Moreover, P plays a very important role in energy metabolism, the key compounds being nucleotide phosphates (e.g., adenosine triphosphate, ATP) (see Scheme 2.1) and the homologous molecules... 

A. Pentachlorophenol and dinitrophenols uncouple oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. Substrates are metabolized but the energy produced is dissipated as heat instead of producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The basal metabolic rate increases, placing increased demands on the cardiorespiratory system. Excess lactic add results from anaerobic glycolysis. 

Molecular motors or machines are inspired by biological molecules such as myosin which uses the chemical energy from hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate to drive the linear push-pull motion of muscle. The different coordination demands of Cu and Cu are the basis of electro-chemically induced molecular motion in a pseudorotaxane complex of copper. As shown in Scheme 2, Cu 4, the stable, four-coordinate form is oxidized to unstable Cu°4, which rearranges to the stable five-coordinate form by sliding along the ligand. Reduction of the stable Cir s... 

The demand for SAM is increasing, which leads to the developing of new manufacture methods. To date SAM is prepared by chemical synthesis such as directed by United States Patent US 6,881,837 B2, enzymatic synthesis in vitro and biotransformation methods. Because of the potential reduction in cost biochemical methods have attracted greater interest recently. SAM can be synthesized by methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT, EC 2.5.1.6) from L-Met and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a reaction of the form ... 

The function of adenosine triphosphate, ATP (Atlas N3) or (more succinctly) ATP, is to store the energy made available when food is oxidized and then to supply it on demand to a wide variety of processes, including muscular contraction, reproduction, and vision. We saw in Case study 2.2 that the essence of ATP s action is its abiUty to lose its terminal phosphate group by hydrolysis and to form adenosine diphosphate, ADP (Atlas N2) ... 

Andre et al. [8] discuss the determination of adenosine-5 -triphosphate by luciferin-luciferase assay. This method was applied to the determination of adenosine-5 -triphosphate in bacterial colonies filtered from samples of polluted water after incubation for different periods. The adenosine-5 -triphosphate was extracted from the residue in the filter and the amount compared with the biochemical oxygen demand of the filtered water. The oxygen uptake rate and the rate of formation of adenosine-5 -triphosphate were then plotted against time, the two curves being similar in up to three to four days incubation, after which adenosine-5 -triphosphate production declined markedly, although oxygen uptake continued to increase. 

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