Adenosine monophosphate sensor

Fitting into the trend towards improvement of the availability and simplification the preparation of biocatalytic layers for biosensors, the use of crude materials has been explored. Arnold and coworkers investigated the feasibility of employing Jack bean meal in a urea sensor (Arnold and Glaizer, 1984) and rabbit muscle acetone powder in a sensor for adenosine monophosphate (Fiocchi and Arnold, 1984). Both sensors turned out to be serious contenders with the appropriate enzyme electrodes with respect to lifetime and slope of the calibration curves. Other parameters, such as response time and linear range, were quite similar. 

QD-based aptamer sensors for the detection of low-molecular-weight substrates have been similarly developed [168]. The aptamer against adenosine monophosphate... 

Subsequently, the range of the analytes was expanded by adding cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and the pyrophosphate anion (PPi) to the DCL sensor. Six independent measurements were performed for each analyte ([nucleotide] = [PPJ = l.OmM). The intensities at five different wavelengths were chosen as the input variables for a LDA (see Glossary in Box 7.1). The resulting score plot is shown in Figure 7.7. The data appear in well-separated groups, which shows that the sensor can easily discriminate the six analytes. 

Shen L, Chen Z, Li YH et al (2007) A chronocoulometric aptamer sensor for adenosine monophosphate. Chem Commun 2169-2171... 

Combining reaction (8.9) with cofactors like ATP (adenosine triphosphate) results in extremely sensitive bioluminescence sensors. As an example, trace concentrations (down to femtomolar) of creatinkinase have been determined. This enzyme plays an important role in diagnostics of myocardial diseases. The reaction follows the scheme given in Eq. (8.10), where AMP (adenosine monophosphate) is a reaction product of ATP ... 

Tissue electrodes [2, 3, 4, 5, 45,57], In these biosensors, a thin layer of tissue is attached to the internal sensor. The enzymic reactions taking place in the tissue liberate products sensed by the internal sensor. In the glutamine electrode [5, 45], a thick layer (about 0.05 mm) of porcine liver is used and in the adenosine-5 -monophosphate electrode [4], a layer of rabbit muscle tissue. In both cases, the ammonia gas probe is the indicator electrode. Various types of enzyme, bacterial and tissue electrodes were compared [2]. In an adenosine electrode a mixture of cells obtained from the outer (mucosal) side of a mouse small intestine was used [3j. The stability of all these electrodes increases in the presence of sodium azide in the solution that prevents bacterial decomposition of the tissue. In an electrode specific for the antidiuretic hormone [57], toad bladder is placed over the membrane of a sodium-sensitive glass electrode. In the presence of the antidiuretic hormone, sodium ions are transported through the bladder and the sodium electrode response depends on the hormone concentration. 

Enz5une sensors or assays exist for the determination of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and its degradation products inosine 5 -monophosphate (IMP), inosine (HxR), hypoxanthine (Hx) and xanthine (X) as ATP is used as an indicator of the presence of microorganisms and the concentrations of its degradation products are used as indicators for fish and meat freshness in food industry [118]. 

A more recent cell-based in vitro assay involves the use of the microphysiometer, a sensitive extracellular pH sensor, which has been used to measure luminal (or apical) secretion and basolateral release of OH- as well as liberation of acidic metabolites in rabbit gastric glands. Adenosine 3, 5 -cyclic monophosphate stimulation produced a biphasic change... 

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