Measurement of luminous

M. D., Physiological measurement of luminal stirring in perfused rat jejunum, Am. J. Physiol. 1988, 254, G843-G848. 

Anderson BW, Levine AS, Levitt DG, Kneip JM and Levitt MD (1988) Physiological Measurement of Luminal Stirring in Perfused Rat Jejunum. Am J Phys 254 pp G843-G848. 

Luminous intensity candela (cd) Candela is a measure of luminous intensity visible to the human eye. 

Judging from the present OLED status, the most important research was Partridge s report on the EL utilized poly(vinyl carbazole) (PVCz) thin films in 1982.26-29 He used the 500-nm-thick PVCz thin films doped with fluorescent molecules as an emissive center, equipped with the efficient hole-injection electrode (SbCls/PVCz) and the electron-injection electrode (cesium) as a low-workfunction metal. Although no quantitative measurement of luminance was described, surprisingly the injection current density reached 1 mA/cm2. Nowadays, we can fabricate very similar OLED devices with superior EL performance. Thus, Partridge s device contributed to establishing the prototypes of present OLED devices. 

Anderson, B.W., Levine, A.S., Levitt, D.G., Kneip, J.M. and Levitt, M.D. (1988) Physiological measurement of luminal stirring in perfused rat jejunum. The American Journal of Physiology, 254, G843-G848. 

The color measurement of fried foods is traditionally done either instrumentally or visually through trained panelists. Human evaluation is quite subjective, tedious, and subject to error of perception. Hence, it is least recommended for the color determination of fried foods. The instrumentation procedure involves the use of color spaces and numerical values to create, visualize, and represent color in 2D and 3D spaces (Trusell et al., 2005). Food color is usnally measured using the L a b color indices. This is the international standard color measurement technique, adopted by the Commission Internationale d Eclairage (CIE) in 1976. L is a measure of luminance or lightness on a scale of 0-100, a is a measure of greenness to redness, and b is a measure of blueness to yellowness. This technique provides measurement similar to how human eye perceive colors (Hunt, 1991). 

Similar studies to those described have been performed in only a limited number of patients with ileal disease in the absence of resection or bypass (3,9-11) five with active regional ileitis and two with radiation damage. The results of isotope dilution studies (Table I, Fig. 2), fecal excretion measurements, and measurements of luminal bile salt concentration have thus far been similar to those reported in ileectomized patients, suggesting that inflammatory disease of the ileum per se results in a loss of enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. It is not known whether this absorptive defect is repaired in remission of regional enteritis. The course of this disease is characterized by variations in activity whether or not these defects in bile salt metabolism vary in accordance with this natural history of the disease is one of several questions requiring study. 

Integrating sphere n. A sphere coated inside with a highly reflective, diffuse material and used for the measurement of luminous flux. If the internal surface is perfectly diffuse, the intensity of any part of the sphere is the same. Many instruments used for reflectance measurements utilize such a device for measuring the diffuse or total reflectance from a sample material relative to a reference material. 

An instrument for the measurement of the intensity of emitted, reflected, or transmitted light. For the measurement of luminous intensity, a visual receptor element (the eye), may be used in the measuring device or a physical receptor element may be used which can be related to the calculated response of a standard observer. Harris DC (2002) Quantitative chemical analysis. W. H. Freeman Co., New York. Krause A, Lange A, Ezrin M (1988) Plastics analysis guide chemical and instrumental methods. Oxford University Press, UK. 

Luminous intensity candela (cd) Candela is a measure of luminous intensity visible to the human eye. One cd is the luminous intensity in a given direction of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 X lO hertz and of which the radiant intensity in that direction is watt per steradian. 

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