Adenosine deaminase substrates

Robins MJ, Wilson JS, Made) D, Tyrrell DLJ, Gati WP, Lindmark RJ, Wnuk SF (2001) Nucleic acid related compounds. 114. Synthesis of 2,6-(disubstituted)purine 2, 3 -dideoxy-nucleosides and selected cytotoxic, anti-hepatitis B, and adenosine deaminase substrate activities. J Heterocycl Chem 38 1297-1306... 

The antiviral activity of (5)-DHPA in vivo was assessed in mice inoculated intranasaHy with vesicular stomatitis vims ( 5)-DHPA significantly increased survival from the infection. (5)-DHPA did not significantly reduce DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis and is not a substrate for adenosine deaminase of either bacterial or mammalian origin. However, (5)-DHPA strongly inhibits deamination of adenosine and ara-A by adenosine deaminase. Its mode of action may be inhibition of Vadenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (61). Inhibition of SAH hydrolase results in the accumulation of SAH, which is a product inhibitor of Vadenosylmethionine-dependent methylation reactions. Such methylations are required for the maturation of vital mRNA, and hence inhibitors of SAH hydrolase may be expected to block vims repHcation by interference with viral mRNA methylation. 

T. brucei is unable to synthesize purines de novo and, as such, is dependent upon salvage mechanisms from the host. A number of transporters and enzymes are used by T. brucei to accomplish this task, and inhibition of these targets offers promise for development of trypanocides [39]. This strategy has been validated by demonstration that cordycepin (34), a substrate for T. brucei adenosine kinase (TbAK), which terminates RNA synthesis and parasite growth, can cure stage 2 HAT infections in mice when coadministered with deoxycoformycin (35), an adenosine deaminase inhibitor [40]. 

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease The enzyme adenosine deaminase degrades deoxyadenosine which is produced during DNA degradation (Chapter 10). Deficiency of the enzyme results in accumulation of deoxyadenosine which is a substrate for adenosine kinase and leads to production of deoxyadenosine and deoxyquanosine triphosphates, which reach high concentrations. This disturbs the balance of deoxy nucleotides which results in failure of DNA replication. This enzyme is normally present in lymphocytes so that a deficiency prevents proliferation of the lymphocytes, which is essential in combatting an infection. Consequently, patients are very susceptible to infections. This is one disease that is effectively treated by gene therapy. 

Adenosine aminohydrolase (adenosine deaminase) is found in all types of cells and is apparently an important catabolic enzyme for the regulation of cellular metabolism. It has been isolated from a number of sources and the substrate specificities of the various enzymes are similar, since a low degree of specificity R... 

SPERMIDINE SYNTHASE Ammonia as a substrate or product, ADENINE DEAMINASE ADENOSINE DEAMINASE [Pg.722]

One form of SOD is caused by inherited insufficiency of adenosine deaminase leading to accumulation of its substrate, deoxyadenosine, which is derived from DNA degradation and is converted to dATP, an allosteric inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase. 

The absence of nitro groups in these substrates is noteworthy. The observed adducts are exclusively stabilized by the electron-withdrawing capacity of the aza groups present in the fused ring system of purine. Accordingly, all ring protons in the adducts are more shielded than the corresponding protons in the substrates. Adducts 19 and 20 can be taken as models for intermediates in nucleophilic aromatic substitution at the C-6 position of purine. Moreover, their formation support the view that a tetrahedral carbon at C-6 is involved in the mechanism of the adenosine deaminase-catalyzed hydrolysis of 6-substituted purine ribonucleosides.43... 

Adenosine deaminase catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine and 2 -deoxyadenosine to inosine and 2 -deoxyinosine respectively. Inhibition of adenosine deaminase leads to an accumulation of its substrates which results in adenosine receptor-mediated effects. Most inhibitors are not reported to have antinociceptive properties, but 2 -deoxycoformycin was proven to have an inhibitory effect on pain transmission (Poon and Sawynok, 1999), and Fujisawa Pharmaceuticals claim adenosine deaminase inhibitors to be active against chronic pain. 

Compound 25 (Fig. 18.9), a prodrug of 9-P-D-arabinofuranosyl guanine (26), was developed for the potential treatment of leukemia. Compound 24 is poorly soluble in water and its synthesis by conventional techniques is difficult. An enzymatic demethoxylation process was developed using adenosine deaminase (Mahmoudian et al., 1999, 2001). Compound 25 was enzymatically prepared from 6-methoxyguanine (27) and ara-uracil (28) using uridine phosphorylase and purine nucleotide phosphorylase. Each protein was cloned and overexpressed in independent Escherichia coli strains. Fermentation conditions were optimized for production of both enzymes and a co-immobilized enzyme preparation was used in the biotransformation process at 200 g/L substrate input. Enzyme was recovered at the end of the reaction by filtration and reused in several cycles. A more water soluble 5 -acetate ester of compound 26 was subsequently prepared by an enzymatic acylation process using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase in 1,4-dioxane (100 g/L substrate) with vinyl acetate as the acyl donor (Krenitsky et al., 1992). 

Hartwick et al. (Hll) used RPLC in developing an assay for adenosine deaminase which has been optimized for pH, ionic strength, reaction time, and substrate concentration. With this technique the substrate adenosine was monitored simultaneously with the products, hypoxanthine and in-osine. 

Adenosine deaminase O.IM KCl and O.IM phosphate, pH 7.0 2mM mercaptopurine riboside (substrate analogue)... 

Cha S. Tight-binding inhibitors—111. A new approach for the determination of competition between tight-binding inhibitors and substrates-inhibition of adenosine deaminase by coformycin. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1976 25 2695-2702. 

Both compounds exhibit pronounced positive Cotton effects and a considerable hypochromic-ity (12a 19% 12b 13%). Both isomers are substrates formammalian adenosine deaminase. The diastereoisomer 12b is deaminated stepwise due to the difference in configuration. Moreover 12b is a strong competitive inhibitor for the deamination of adenosine by adenosine deaminase. 

Methoxy-, 6-ethoxy-, and 6-methylthio-9-ribofuranosyl-8-azapurines turned out to be substrates for adenosine kinase, and the first two examples were bound by adenosine deaminase. Their cytotoxic action was attributed to affinity for the kinase. 6-Imino-9-phenyl-l,6-dihydro-8-azapurine was found to be an efficient inhibitor of adenosine deaminase and guanine deaminase. Xanthine oxidase was inhibited by both this compound and 9-aryl-8-azapurin-6-ones. ° ... 

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