Addressing Acids

The chemical compounds known as acids have their own special naming system, but writing the names and formulas of acids really isn t that big of a deal. As long as you pay attention to the details, you won t have any problem naming acidic compounds. You more than likely already know the names of several very common acids, though perhaps you don t know their formulas. Table 6-3 lists several of the most common acids and their formulas. (Flip to Chapter 16 for full details on acids.) 

The two most common types of acids you encounter in a basic chemistry class are binary acids and oxy-acids  

Binary acids You can easily recognize a binary acid when you see hydrogen bonded to a nonmetallic element or polyatomic ion without oxygen present. 

J 1 Oxy-acids Oxy-acids contain hydrogen bonded to a polyatomic ion containing oxygen. To name a binary acid (no oxygen), use the following steps  

Say you begin with the acid HCl. No oxygens are present, so the ncime starts with hydro-. 

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Does the formula begin with an H If so, use the rules presented ecirlier in Addressing Acids. Be sure to identify whether the compound is a binary acid or an oxy-acid. If the compound doesn t begin with an H, move along to Question 2. 

Two major aspects are involved in the additions of electrophiles to bicyclobutane, namely the product distribution and the stereochemistry of the reaction. In the following. section we will address acid-catalyzed additions to bicyclobutane. This will be followed by a discussion of the addition of other electrophiles such as halogens, and will be concluded by a general discussion of the mechanism of electrophilic additions to bicyclobutanes. 

Appreciating the beneficial influences of water and Lewis acids on the Diels-Alder reaction and understanding their origin, one may ask what would be the result of a combination of these two effects. If they would be additive, huge accelerations can be envisaged. But may one really expect this How does water influence the Lewis-acid catalysed reaction, and what is the influence of the Lewis acid on the enforced hydrophobic interaction and the hydrogen bonding effect These are the questions that are addressed in this chapter. 

Hydrocarbon resins based on CPD are used heavily in the adhesive and road marking industries derivatives of these resins are used in the production of printing inks. These resins may be produced catalyticaHy using typical carbocationic polymerization techniques, but the large majority of these resins are synthesized under thermal polymerization conditions. The rate constants for the Diels-Alder based dimerization of CPD to DCPD are weU known (49). The abiHty to polymerize without Lewis acid catalysis reduces the amount of aluminous water or other catalyst effluents/emissions that must be addressed from an environmental standpoint. Both thermal and catalyticaHy polymerized DCPD/CPD-based resins contain a high degree of unsaturation. Therefore, many of these resins are hydrogenated for certain appHcations. 

Saponification can proceed direcdy as a one-step reaction as shown above, or it can be achieved indirectly by a two-step reaction where the intermediate step generates fatty acids through simple hydrolysis of the fats and oils and the finishing step forms soap through the neutralization of the fatty acid with caustic soda. There are practical considerations which must be addressed when performing this reaction on a commercial scale. 

Under current regulations, chemicals allowed for use in various European countries (Table 3) are either fully Hcensed for aquacultural use (oxytetracycline, oxolinic acid) or can be prescribed by veterinarians if they are Hcensed for use on other food animals (14—16). In addition, previously unHcensed chemicals that are appHed to the water (topicals) may now be used under a grandfather clause if no one questions their safety. The question of whether a chemical is a medicine or a pesticide has also been addressed. Eor example, dichlorvos (Nuvan 500 EC) was initially designated as a pesticide in the United Kingdom, but was later categorized as a medicine. A similar product, trichlorfon (Masoten), was treated the same way in the United States. 

Chlorine dioxide produced from the methanol reductant processes contains carbon dioxide and small amounts of formic acid. For this reason, sulfur dioxide and chloride-based chlorine dioxide processes are stih used for sodium chlorite production. This problem has been addressed by recycling a portion of the vapor from methanol-based generators so that formic acid further reacts to carbon dioxide ... 

In this work a novel five-step leaching scheme for HM has been developed addressing exchangeable, acid soluble (carbonate), easily reducible (bound to Mn oxides), easily oxidizable (bound to humic and fulvic acids), and moderately reducible (bound to amorphous Ee oxides) fractions extractable by 0.05 M Ca(N03), 0.43 M CH3COOH, 0.1 M NH,OH-HCl (non-acidified), 0.1 M K/,03 (pH 11), and 0.1 M (NH4),C,04 (pH 3), respectively. The sequence of extractants was chosen according to recent studies on the selectivity of leachants toward dissolved phases of soils. 

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