Actuators electrical characterization

Michel, H. J., Leiste, H. and Halbritter, J. (1995) Structural and electrical characterization of PVD-deposited Sn02 films for gas-sensor application. Sensors and Actuators B Chemical 25,568-72. 

Bertolo JM, Bearzotti A, Generosi A, Palummo L, Albertini VR (2005) X-Rays and electrical characterizations of ordered mesostructured sdicathin films used as sensing membranes. Sens Actuators B Chem 111-112 145-149 Brinker CJ, Scherer GW (1990) Sol-gel science the physics and chemistry of sol-gel processing. Academic, San Diego... 

Michel H-J, Michel H-J, Leiste H, Halbritter J (1995) Structural and electrical characterization of PVD-deposited SnO films for gas-sensor application. Sens Actuators B 24-25 568-572 Miura N, Yamazoe N (1998) High-temperature potentiometric/amperometric NO sensors combining stabilized zirconia with mixed-metal oxide electrode. Sens Actuators B 52 169-178 Miura N, Lu G, Yamazoe N, Kurosawa H, Hasei M (1996) Mixed potential type NOx sensor based on stabilized zirconia and oxide electrode. J Electrochem Soc 143 L33-L35... 

Lenaerts, S., Honore, M., Huyberechts, G., Roggen, J., and Maes, G. In situ infrared and electrical characterization of tin dioxide gas sensors in nitro-gen/oxygen mixtures at temperatures up to 720 K. Sensors Actuators B 1994, 18-19, 478-482. 

Chiorino A., Ghiotti G., Prinetto R, Carotta M. C., Gallana M., and Martinelli G., Characterization of materials for gas sensors. Surface chemistry of SnOj and MoO -SnOj nano-sized powders and electrical responses of the related thick films, Sens. Actuators B, 59, 203-209, 1999. 

Early work by Zentel [9] and several other researchers [10-14] observed the electro-mechanical (EM) effect, i.e., finite distortions under modest electric fields, for the LCEs that were swollen by LMM-LCs. Swelling by miscible LMM-LCs considerably softens LCEs without losing their liquid crystallinity. This softening significantly reduces the field strength required for actuation. However, the simultaneous mesogen reorientation (resulting in the EO effect) was too small to detect or not characterized in most of these studies. 

Jones TA, Firth JG, Mann B (1985) The effect of oxygen on the electrical conductivity of some metal oxides in inert and reducing atmospheres at high temperature. Sens Actuators 8 281-306 Jung SJ, YanagidaH (1996) The characterization of a CuO/ZnO heterocontact-type gas sensor having selectivity for CO gas. Sens Actuators B 37 55-60... 

Merryman, S. A. and D. K. Hall. 1997. Characterization of CDL capacitor power sources for electrical actuation applications. 3>2nd Intersociety Energy Conversion Conference. 

Figure 5.12 Images of electric response of the Flemion/Au composite actuator in water (a) Na form (b) (C4Hg)4N form (b) in water (Reprinted with permission from Onishi, K., Sewa, S., Asaka, K. et al. The effects of counter ions on characterization and performance of a solid polymer electrolyte actuator, Electrochimica Acta, 46 (8), 1233 1. Copyright (2001)...

Using quantitative methods, specific properties of smart composites are characterized. These include, in the case of sensors, the electric charge resulting from defined deformation of the integrated piezoelectric transducer or in the case of actuators, the resulting deformation of the composite structure caused by defined voltages applied to the transducer. In addition to the characterization of specific properties, quantitative methods can be used for quality assurance and for functional testing of smart composites. 

Innocenzi P., Martucci A., Guglielmi M., Bearzotti A., Traversa E. Electrical and structural characterization of mesoporous silica thin films as humidity sensors. Sensors Actuators B 2001a 76 299-303... 

Characterization of actuators involves measiuement of (a) electrical, (b) mechanical, and (c) electromechanical properties. Electromechanical measiue-ments can be divided into isometric, isotonic, and unobstructed actuation configuration. Additionally, (d) mechanoelectrical measurements are often performed to characterize the sensorial properties of the actuators. For reasons of space, mechanoelectrical characterization is not covered in this chapter. 

A couple of additional aspects must be considered in characterization of electromechanical response. The electrochemically driven actuators can also heatup during the working cycle. In contrast to the eleetrothermally driven actuators, this effect is usually not desired in case of the electrochemically driven actuators, as die actuator s constituents can significantly change their mechanical and electrical properties. In an extreme case, the temperature of the separator polymer can increase over its melting point, causing the actuator to short-circuit in turn. 

Electrical response characterization of interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels as an actuator. 

Butterwick AE, Vankov A, Huie P et al (2006) Dynamic range of safe electrical stimulation of the retina SPIE Proceedings, Ophthalmic Technologies XVI, SPIE 6138 1-8 Cui XY, Hetke JE, WUer JA et al (2001) Electrochemical deposition and characterization of conducting polymer polypyrrole/PSS on multichannel neural probes. Sens Actuators A93 8-18... 

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