Activation of alcohol

Chick J, Lehert P, Landron F, et al Does acamprosate improve reduction of drinking as well as aiding abstinence J Psychopharmacol 17 397-A02, 2003 Chrostek L, Jelski W, Szmitkowski M, et al Gender-related differences in hepatic activity of alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzymes and aldehyde dehydrogenase in humans. J Clin Lab Anal 17 93-96, 2003... 

Hageman, R.H. Flesher, D. (1960). The effect of anaerobic environment on the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase and other enzymes of corn seedlings. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 87, 203-9. 

Complexes Resulting from Activation of Alcohols Hydrido(alkoxo) Complexes... 

The role of the DEAD is to activate the triphenylphosphine toward nucleophilic attack by the alcohol. In the course of the reaction the N=N double bond is reduced. As is discussed later, this method is applicable for activation of alcohols to substitution by other nucleophiles in addition to halide ions. The activation of alcohols to nucleophilic attack by the triphenylphosphine-DEAD combination is called the Mitsunobu reaction.76... 

The relative remaining activity of alcohol dehydrogenase in an optimal water-ethanol mixture exceeded 100%. The observation of the improved activity of some of the enzyme samples after this procedure [179] was a precursor to later achievements on enzyme activation in organic media [178],... 

The activation of alcohols by iridium-catalyzed borrowing hydrogen reactions has also been applied to the formation of C-C bonds [113]. Reactions proceed by temporary removal of hydrogen from an alcohol to give an aldehyde (or ketone), which is transformed into an alkene with subsequent return of the hydrogen to provide a new C-C bond. Ishii and coworkers have used [lr(cod)Cl]2 with... 

It is generally recognized that workers exposed to either NG or EGDN have reduced tolerance for alcohol. Animal studies suggest that NG may decrease the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase, thereby decreasing the rate of alcohol metabolism. ... 

The chemical potential p2 is related to the activity of alcohol by the equation... 

El-Sawi reported the molluscicidal activity of alcoholic extracts from aerial parts of Acacia saligna, which exhibited strong activity against Biomphalaria alexandrina, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. These extracts were particularly rich in flavonoids and more especially in a new compound identified as 8-C-glucosyldihydrokaempferol. 

Obe, G, Ristow, H. Herha, J. (1978) Mutagenic activity of alcohol in man. In Mutations Their Origin, Nature and Potential Relevance to Genetic Risk in Man, Boppard, Harald Boldt, pp. 151-161... 

Amines can be linked to polymeric alcohols as carbamates. Carbamate attachment of amines can be achieved by reaction of isocyanates with alcohol linkers, or by treatment of alcohol linkers with phosgene [339,427,428] or a synthetic equivalent thereof, followed by exposure to the amine (Figure 3.26). The reagents most commonly used for the activation of alcohol linkers are 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate [69,429-436] and carbonyl diimidazole [427,437-440], The preparation of support-bound carbamates is discussed in Section 14.6. 

Strong centres, forming anion radical even from nitrobenzene molecule are poisoned irreversibly, however, their presence is not necessity for the preservation of catalytic activity. Taking into consideration that regenerated MgO which is not able to ionize nitrobenzene molecule is still active in its reduction by hydrogen transfer and that only a few from reduced nitro compounds form ion radicals on catalyst surface one can ascertain that ion radicals formation is not necessary step in nitroarenes (or nitroparaffins) activation. Probably, one-electron donor sites take part only in activation of alcohol what was demonstrated by us earlier. 

Notes. A drawback found in the use of this test is the formation of a white precipitate during the activation of alcohol with the triazine. 

Warfarin Phenelzine Alcohol Ginseng (Panax spp.) Decreased INR Headache and tremor, mania Increased alcohol clearance Ginseng increases the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase... 

Several studies have been aimed at elucidating the relationship between the activity of particular flor yeast enzymes during velum production, both in lab-scale and under winery conditions. For example, studies on the activity of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase have... 

Mauricio, J. C., Moreno, J. J., and Ortega, J. M. (1997). In vitro specific activities of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases from two flor yeasts during controlled wine aging.. Agric. Food Chem. 45,1967-1971. 

Scheme 3.1 Activation of alcohols by phosphines. Note Nu=nucleophile.

Ethanol absorption is influenced by food intake (which restricts the rate of absorption) the higher the dietary fat content, the slower the time of passage and the longer the process of absorption. First-pass metabolism in the stomach is important. Women absorb and metabolise alcohol differently from men their lower body water content and a lower activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in the stomach result in a more rapid and significant absorption. 

Plata, M.C., Mauricio, J.C., Mdlan, C., Ortega, J.M. (1998). In vitro specific activity of alcohol acetyl-transferase and esterase in two flor yeast strains during biological aging of sherry wines. J. Ferment. Bioeng., 85, 369-374. 

Fukuda, K., Yamamoto, N., Kiyokawa, Y., Yanagiuchi, T., Wakay, Y., Kitamoto, K., Inoue, Y. Kimura, A. (1998). Balance of activities of alcohol acetyltransferase and esterase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is important for production of isoamyl acetate. Ap>p. Environ. Microbiol., 64, 4076 078. 

The activation of alcohols by gold has just started to be studied in the last few years and is an emerging field in the area. The closest examples to the ones showed for the acetates are the... 

The phosphorus activation of alcohols to substitution with inversion of configuration. The reactions are based on the high heat of formation of the P-O bond and the tendency for phosphorus to form multiple bonds with oxygen. For example, treatment of an alcohol with triphenyl phosphite and methyl iodide leads to the corresponding iodo compound (Scheme 2.17). 

The activation of alcohols with CuCl or CUCI2 Lewis acids in conjunction with di-cyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), developed by Corey [8], has been employed by Knochel and Seebach for the facile preparation of nitroolefins in high yield (Sch. 3) [9]. Sensitive dienoyl compounds can be prepared, as shown in the elimination of 11 to provide 12 in excellent yield [10]. 

Anatase is much more active than rutile in the liquid-phase photooxidation of 2-propanol, and the observed reactivity compared well with that of gaseous alcohol on platinized titania [106a]. Because most early studies employed the alcohol as a sacrificial reagent for the photochemical production of hydrogen, the organic product was often not analyzed and little effort was devoted to the selective activation of alcohols in the presence of other functional groups. In the oxidation of car-... 

---