ACTINIDES IN THE ENVIRONMENT

Friedman, A.M., Ed. "Actinides in the Environment" ACS Symposium Series No 35 American Chemical Society Washington,... 

Harley NH, Pasternack BS. 1979. Potential carcinogenic effects of actinides in the environment. Health... 

Choppin, G. R. 1988a. Chemistry of actinides in the environment. Radiochimica Acta, 43, 82-83. 

Friedman, A. M. (ed.) (1976). Actinides in the Environment, ACS Symposium Series No 35 Washington, DC American Chemical Society. 

Inorganic phosphate ligands are important with respect to the behavior of actinides in the environment and as potential waste forms. There have been a number of experimental studies to determine the equilibrium constants in the actinide-phosphoric acid system, but they have been complicated by the formation of relatively insoluble solid phases and the formation of ternary actinide complexes in solution. 

Hobart D. (1990) Actinides in the environment. In Fifty Years with Transuranium Elements, Robert A. Welch Foundation Conference on Chemical Research 34, Robert A. Welch Foundation, Houston, TX, pp. 379-436. 

Runde W. (2002) Geochemical interactions of actinides in the environment. In Geochemistry of Soil Radionuclides (eds. P. Zhang and P. Brady). Soil Science Society of America, pp. 21-44. 

Actinides in the environment can be classified into two groups (i) the uranium and thorium series of radionuclides in the natural environment and (ii) neptunium, plutonium, americium and curium which are formed in a nuclear reactor during the neutron bombardment of uranium through a series of neutron capture and radioactive decay reactions. Transuranics thus produced have been spread widely in the atmosphere, geosphere and aquatic environment on the earth, as a result of nuclear bomb tests in the atmosphere, and accidental release from nuclear facilities (Sakanoue, 1987). Most of these radionuclide inventories have deposited in the northern hemisphere following the tests conducted by the United States and the Soviet Union. 

Carbonate complexes have been increasingly studied because of their importance in mobilizing the actinides in the environment lanthanide complexes are nonradioactive models for the later... 

Management of radioactive wastes involves four basic types of activities waste treatment, interim storage, transportation, and final storage or disposal. Treatment, interim storage, and transportation might release actinides to the environment by accident. Under such circumstances the release would be a known, relatively instantaneous event remedial action could be taken immediately. Existence, migration, and consequences of actinides in the environment could be highly constrained. 

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