Acrylic and Methacrylic Monomers

With acrylic acid, alternating copolymers are reported to be obtained only when MA is present in excess, otherwise some acrylic acid homopolymer is produced along with the 1 1 copolymer.These conclusions were reached after various molar ratios of the monomer pair were polymerized both in bulk and solution with BPO initiator. 

The reported reactivity ratios for the monomer pair, i.e., ri(MA) = 0.007 and r2(acrylic acid) = 15.6 (see Chapter 9), neglecting any CTC formation between the pair, dictate that over the entire range of monomer feed the copolymer composition should be highly enriched with acrylic acid. Since this was not observed, the results were explained by assuming that mixtures of the two monomers form a If in fact only 1 1 alternating copolymer 

Variation of the comonomer feed, without using excess acrylic acid, did not vary the 1 1 copolymer composition. Thus, the copolymer is believed to be strictly regular or 1 1 alternating. When naphthalene is added to the acrylic acid-MA system, the resultant copolymers become enriched with 

Specifically, varying the naphthalene-acrylic acid ratio in the monomer pair-naphthalene feed makes it possible to vary the MA content of the copolymer. It is known that MA and naphthalene form a CTC and the presence of this CTC can significantly affect the course of the MA-styrene 

An attempt is also made here to invoke the presence 

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Table XI. Role of UV Dose in Synergistic Effect of Acrylate and Methacrylate Monomers with Inorganic Salts(L) in Photografting Styrene to Polypropylene3...

ATRP has been used to polymerise styrenic, acrylic and methacrylic monomers. However, conventional ATRP of styrenic and methacrylic monomers is rather sluggish typically many hours are required at high temperatures (> 90 °C) for incomplete conversions (< 90%) even under bulk polymerisation conditions. Acrylates polymerise much faster than methacrylates or styrenics and the rapid, efficient polymerisation of n-alkyl acrylates at room temperature with various... 

The initiation of polymerization by ultraviolet radiation has been of particular interest in the study of free radical processes [1,2]. The test tube demonstration described here is simple and may be used to evaluate the polymerizabil-ity of new monomers or to study some of the physical properties of a polymer. Although the method is particularly effective for acrylic and methacrylic monomers, it may also be applied to the polymerization of a wide range of vinyl -type monomers. 

Wood impregnated with acrylic and methacrylic monomers Polyolefins... 

Barly findings from this work were published in the Paris Conference proceedings of the XXC on Adhesives and Consolidants (13). This paper gave examples of the results obtained with different acrylic and methacrylic monomers. The monomers were selected because they had suitable physical characteristics and were already used in conservation work. The problems which occur with aged and woody based papers were highlighted. This paper also indicated that the use of certain solvents such as methanol to improve monomer penetration had a detrimental effect on the strength of the paper, in particular its fold endurance. 

The polymerization in the supercooled state or glassy state was initially of interest to several workers [1 6], but has not received as much attentions as that shown in crystalline state polymerization. Kaetsu et al. found that many acrylates and methacrylates monomers could be supercooled and remain stable [7-9] and have studied this polymerization field extensively and systematically since 1967 [10 13], The most remarkable characteristic of the supercooled monomer is the sharp and sudden increase of viscosity with the temperature decrease. The viscosity of the supercooled monomer increases exponentially and... 

More specific initiators are Mn3+ ions in aqueous solution which give efficient grafting of acrylic and methacrylic monomers onto cellulose and very little homopolymer ( 2%). 

Lithium ester enolates are extremely important in polymer chemistry as initiators and active centers of the anionic polymerization of acrylic and methacrylic monomers in polar solvents. Thus, HF-SCF studies, comparable to those mentioned above, were undertaken on monomeric methyl isobutyrate (MIB) enolate210,211. The overall conclusions on the aggregation and solvation trends are exactly the same, the bent rj3-0,C mode being preferred over the rj1-O planar one by ca 3.3 kcalmol-1. While the dimeric MIB enolate solvated by four molecules of THF was found to be the enthalpically most stable aggregate, the prismatic S6 unsolvated MIB hexamer was computed as the preferred structure in non-polar solvents (Scheme 55)212. In the latter case, the supplementary oxygen of the ester acting as a side-chain ligand for the lithium seems to explain this remarkable stability. 

The polymeric film formers used as non-slip finishes are typically copolymers of vinyl, acrylic and methacrylic monomers. These materials are similar in structure to the copolymers used as hand builders (see Chapter 4, Fig. 4.3 and Fig. 4.5). 

The radical remaining can undergo termination by H abstraction or recombination leading to further crosslinking. For X = CH and Y H (an alternating sequence of acrylic and methacrylate monomers). 

Numerous water-soluble monomers have been polymerized via ATRP (Fig. 7.3). Polymerization of acrylic and methacrylic monomers can be problematic as these monomers often contain trace impurities of acryhc or methacrylic acid (MAA). The presence of these carboxylic containing monomers can be detrimental for example, Matyjaszewski et al. have observed that (non-aqueous) polymerization of acrylic acid cannot be controlled with ](bpy)2CuCl] (bpy=2,2 -bipyridine), as the monomer (and the polymer) is likely to coordinate to the metal center, to form a species that is unable to control the polymerization [198]. 

New acrylate and methacrylate monomer derivatives (meth) acrylate guanidines, methacryloyl guanidine and it s hydrochloride and also a number of model (meth) acrylate compounds (corresponding acids, salts and amides, methacryloyl chloride, methylmethacrylate, guanidine and it s hydrochloride) were investigated by NMR spectroscopy method. Structure of synthesized monomers was determined, and dependence of spectral characteristics on structure of investigated compounds and used solvent was shown. 

Development of matrices for combinatorial organic synthesis — Radiation-induced grafting of styrene and several acrylate and methacrylate monomers onto fluoro polymers for their use as matrices for combinatorial organic synthesis which will allow solid phase synthesis to be extended to higher temperatures than are currently available with polystyrene and polypropoylene based resins [17],... 

New developments in group transfer polymerization have made possible the living polymerization of acrylate and methacrylate monomers using silyl ketene acetal initiators with a nucleophilic or Lewis acid catalyst (73). By this method we may circumvent the side reactions which accompany conventional anionic polymerizations of acrylates and methacrylates and prepare almost mono-... 

The ATRP process has been successfully used with styrene, acrylate and methacrylate monomers, although each monomer requires a slightly different set of conditions to be successfully polymerized. 

Figure K Structure of polyalkyl acrylates and methacrylates. Polymers were synthesized by free radical polymerization Initiated by exposing alkyl acrylate and methacrylate monomers to high doses ( 10 Mev) of ionizing radiation using a Van de Graff accelerator. Polymers were separated from unreacted monomer by precipitating in methyl alcohol and redissolving in chloroform. Purified polymers were dissolved in chloroform for use in coating glass beads columns and glass cover slips.

A dramatic development in the anionic polymerization of acrylate and methacrylate monomers was the discovery that by addition of lithium chloride it was possible to effect the controlled polymerization of f-butyl acrylate [122]. Thus, using oligomeric (a-methylstyryl)lithium as initiator in THE at -78 °C, the molecular weight distribution of the... 

Vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC Dow Chemical) represents a functional monomer with electrophilic sites which can be post-reacted after polymerization with nucleophiles such as amines, thiols, thioethers and thiourea [28]. The chloromethyl group may also be reacted before polymerization to form a new monomer, which can itself then be polymerized. VBC is typically copolymerized with monomers such as butadiene, styrene, acrylic or methacrylic acid, acrylonitrile, acrylamide and a variety of acrylate and methacrylate monomers [29] or it can be homopoly-merized to form functionalized particles [30]. Typical properties of vinylbenzyl chloride monomers include a homopolymer Tg of 82 °C, a boiling point of 229 °C (at 1 atm), a water solubility of 0.073 g dm , and Q and e values of 1.06 and —0.45, respectively. 

Taken together, acrylic and styrene-acrylic conqiositions account for nearly 30% of commercial emulsion polymers. The common practical element of these acrylic and methacrylic monomers is the ability to copolymerize well with each other and this leads to an enormous range of accessible compositions and physical properties such as glass transition temperature and solubility characteristics of the resulting polymers. Styrene (S) also copolymerizes reasoruiily well with acrylics, especially the aUyl acrylates, and is therefore included in this sense in the acrylic family. Homopolymers of S and methyl methacrylate (MMA) have similar glass transition temperatures and selection of one over the other in a copolymer may... 

The acrylamidomethyl-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole compounds obtained in the first step can be copolymerized with acrylic and methacrylic monomers. The substitution at the 5 position with long chain acids, long chain hydrocarbons, fluorocarbon or silicon oligomeric alcohols, results in surface active compounds that are also UV stabilizers. 

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