Acrylic acid converter

Flexible polyurethane foam pre-irradiated with ionizing radiation in the presence of air can be readily grafted with vinyl monomers. Relatively low radiation doses (3 to 10 megarads) are required to graft various polar vinyl monomers. Grafting of as little as 2% by weight of acrylamide, methacrylamide, or acrylic acid converts the normally hydro-phobic polyurethane foam into a water-wettable sjjonge. 

The apparent yield of the reaction (% acrylic acid converted to 3-mercaptopropionate) was about 1-2% at 60 C and 0.3-0.4% at 25 C. Addition of tributylphosphine, a disulfide cleaving reagent, to the reaction mixture either before ot after the 2 hour Incubation, Increased the thiol yield by about a factor of two. These results suggest that abiotic reactions may Indeed be responsible for the formation of some thiols In the environment and that thiols oxidize rapidly to form disulfide compounds even under reducing conditions. A kinetic study of the Michael reaction In seawater Is currently being undertaken. 

The deposition of the poly(acrylic acid) converts the ZOSS ultrafilter to a hyperfiltration membrane exhibiting a simple electrolyte... 

CHjlCH COOH. Colourless liquid having an odour resembling that of ethanoic acid m.p. 13 C, b.p. I4I°C. Prepared by oxidizing propenal with moist AgO or treating -hy-droxypropionitrile with sulphuric acid. Slowly converted to a resin at ordinary temperatures. Important glass-like resins are now manufactured from methyl acrylate, see acrylic resins. Propenoic acid itself can also be polymerized to important polymers - see acrylic acid polymers. 

As an application of this nucleophilic reactivity, 2-aminothiazole was used to partially convert into amide the polymer obtained from acrylic acid, benzene, and acetic anhydride (271). An aqueous medium is reported to favor the reaction between acetic anhydride and 2-aminothiazole (272). 

Brackets signify a trivial name no longer ia use. At 101.3 kPa = 1 atm unless otherwise noted ia kPa as a subscript. At 20°C unless otherwise noted by a superscript number (°C). At 20°C unless otherwise noted. To convert to cal, divide by 4.184. 70°C. Heat of combustion (Uquid). At50°C. To convert kPa to mm Hg, multiply by 7.5. In the alkenoic series of molecular formula 2 2 metbacrylic, undecjlenic, oleic, and emcic acids have important appHcations (Table 2). Acryhc and metbacrylic acids have a petrochemical origin, and undecylenic, oleic, and emcic acids have natural origins (see Acrylic ACID AND DERIVATIVES Methacrylic acid and derivatives). Table 2. Physical Properties of the Straight-Chain Alkenoic Acids, (2n-2) 2 ... 

These enable temperature control with built-in exchangers between the beds or with pumparound exchangers. Converters for ammonia, 80.3, cumene, and other processes may employ as many as five or six beds in series. The Sohio process for vapor-phase oxidation of propylene to acrylic acid uses hvo beds of bismuth molybdate at 20 to 30 atm (294 to 441 psi) and 290 to 400°C (554 to 752°F). Oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide also is done in two stages with supported... 

Acrylic acid [79-10-7] M 72.1, m 13°, b 30°/3mm, d 1.051, pK 4.25. Can be purified by steam distn, or vacuum distn through a column packed with copper gauze to inhibit polymerisation. (This treatment also removes inhibitors such as methylene blue that may be present.) Azeotropic distn of the water with benzene converts aqueous acrylic acid to the anhydrous material. 

Efficiency means component 1 made per component 3 converted, all in molar units. Data show that 89.7% of the converted propylene was accounted for by the formed acrolein. An additional 9.8% efficiency is indicated for acrylic acid. Efficiency to total useftil product was 99.5% as long as ignition of homogeneous reaction could be avoided... 

For some applications, such as for repulpable type PSAs, it may be advantageous to incorporate high levels of acrylic acid because this makes the polymer more hydrophilic. At the same time, high levels of acid also improve the water-dispersibility of the adhesive, especially at higher pH where the acid groups are converted to the more water-soluble neutralized salt form. Since the high level of acid increases the of the resulting polymer, a non-tacky material results. To make the adhesive pressure sensitive, the polymer can be softened with water-dispersible or soluble plasticizers, such as polyethers [68]. 

Fluorine cannot be used, although trifluoroketones can be cleaved into carboxylate and trifluoromethane. The haloform reaction can be conducted under mild conditions—at temperatures ranging from 0-10 °C—in good yields even a sensitive starting material like methylvinylketone can be converted into acrylic acid in good yield. 

The two matrices in these cements are of a different nature an ionomer salt hydrogel and polyHEMA. For thermodynamic reasons, they do not interpenetrate but phase-separate as they are formed. In order to prevent phase separation, another version of resin glass polyalkenoate cement has been formulated by Mitra (1989). This is marketed as VitraBond, which we term a class II material. In these materials poly(acrylic acid), PAA, is replaced by modified PAAs. In these modified PAAs a small fraction of the pendant -COOH groups are converted to unsaturated groups by condensation reaction with a methacrylate containing a reactive terminal group. These methacrylates can be represented by the formula ... 

Ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers are converted to ethylene ionomers in a separate, postpolymerization reaction. 

A Corynebacterium propinquum microbial cell catalyst was employed to convert acrylonitrile to ammonium acrylate, where the final concentration of product was 10-20% and the concentration of unconverted acrylonitrile was <30 ppm [81], The ammonium acrylate solution was concentrated to 40-60% by falling film evaporation, the resulting solution acidified, and the acrylic acid extracted with diethyl ether at 0-10 °C to obtain high-purity acrylic acid. 

Thus asymmetric diaryl cyclopropenones were converted to the isomeric acrylic acids 318/319 by aqueous Ni(C0)4 in a similar proportion to that obtained from the corresponding acetylenes by carbonylation with the same catalyst279, whilst in non-aqueous media carbonyls like Ni(C0)4, Co2(CO)8, or Fe3(CO)12 effected de-carbonylation278, 280) probably via metal-complexed intermediates, e.g. 

Dipolar addition is closely related to the Diels-Alder reaction, but allows the formation of five-membered adducts, including cyclopentane derivatives. Like Diels-Alder reactions, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition involves [4+2] concerted reaction of a 1,3-dipolar species (the An component and a dipolar In component). Very often, condensation of chiral acrylates with nitrile oxides or nitrones gives only modest diastereoselectivity.82 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition between nitrones and alkenes is most useful and convenient for the preparation of iso-xazolidine derivatives, which can then be readily converted to 1,3-amino alcohol equivalents under mild conditions.83 The low selectivity of the 1,3-dipolar reaction can be overcome to some extent by introducing a chiral auxiliary to the substrate. As shown in Scheme 5-51, the reaction of 169 with acryloyl chloride connects the chiral sultam to the acrylic acid substrate, and subsequent cycloaddition yields product 170 with a diastereoselectivity of 90 10.84... 

The reaction has also been applied to the conversion of vinyl bromides into acrylic acids, e.g. 1-bromo- and 1-chlorocyclooctene are converted into cyclooctene-1-carboxylic acid (ca. 98%) [3], 2-chloro-3,3-dimethylbut-l-ene yields 4,4-dimethylpent-2-enoic acid (95%), and tams-cinnamic acid is obtained (85%) from fran.v-p-bromostyrene. cis-p-Bromostyrene produces a mixture of cis- and trans-cinnamic acids in 38 and 42% yields, respectively [3]. In these reactions, benzyltri-ethylammonium chloride cannot be used as the phase-transfer catalyst, as it leads to the production of phenylacetic acid [3]. 

Carraher and coworkers employed the last two processes to recover the uranyl ion. The uranyl ion is the natural water-soluble form of uranium oxide. It is also toxic, acting as a heavy metal toxin. Through the use of salts of dicarboxylic acids and poly(acrylic acid), the uranyl ion was removed to 10 M with the resulting product much less toxic and convertible to uranium oxide by heating. 

Later Gronowitz and Maltesson reported the extension of this method to the preparation of thieno[2,3-6]thiophene (1) derivatives. A mixture of 3-(3-thienyl)acrylic acid, thionyl chloride, and pyridine was heated for 24 hours. 2-Chloro-3-(3-thienyl)-acrylic acid (4.5%), 3,5-dichlorothieno[2,3-6]thiophene-2-carbonyl chloride (99) (9.5%), 3-chlorothieno[2,3-Z)]thiophene-2-carbonyl chloride (100) (79.1%), and other compounds were detected by GLC among the reaction products [Eq. (31)]. Hydrolysis of the reaction mixture gave 3-chlorothieno[2,3-Z>]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid in 63% yield dechlorination of the latter by copper in propionic acid converted it into thieno[2,3-6]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid. 

PAN was for a long time thought to be resistant to microbial attack. However, various bacteria that produced nitrile-converting enzymes were isolated from waste-waters of factories producing PAN fibre. Eor example, a nitrile hydratase/amidase enzyme system was studied from Mesorhizobium sp. E28 [68]. Also, bacteria (namely Ralstonia solanacearum and Acidovorax avenae) were used for the removal of acrylic acid from such waste-waters [69]. Later, on the basis of NMR... 

The formation of spirocyclopropanes from the reaction of diazodiphenylmethane and ( )-8-phenylmenthyl esters of acrylic acid and methyl fumarate occurred with a modest level of diastereofacial selectivity (136). In contrast, diastereoselectivities of 90 10 were achieved in the cycloadditions of diazo(trimethylsilyl)methane with acrylamides 65 derived from camphor sultam as the chiral auxiliary (137) (Scheme 8.16). Interestingly, the initial cycloadducts 66 afforded the nonconjugated A -pyrazolines 67 on protodesilylation the latter were converted into optically active azaproline derivatives 68. In a related manner, acrylamide 69 was converted into A -pyrazolines 70a,b (138). The major diastereoisomer 70a was used to synthesize indolizidine 71. The key step in this synthesis involves the hydrogenolytic cleavage of the pyrazoline ring. 

The microorganism used has a high endogenous nitrile hydratase ratio when urea was used as an inducer in the presence of cobalt ions. (The nitrilase is undesirable as it converts the acrylamide further into acrylic acid). 

Influence of temperature on the process of polymerization of acrylic acid in dioxane and toluene was examined. It was found that in dioxane an increase in temperature destroys the oligomeric auto-associations of acrylic acid and gives rise to monomer-solvent association, making matrix effect less pronounced. In toluene, an increase in temperature converts the cyclodimeric autoassociations of the monomer into linear oligomers and the matrix effect appears. 

Chapiro reported that semi-permeable membranes containing carboxylic groups and pyridine groups can be obtained by polymerization of 4-vinylpyridine onto polyterefluoroethylene films previously grafted by acrylic acid. The films after grafting were neutralized by KOH in order to convert grafted polymer to poly(potassium... 

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