Acrylamide polymer with methyl methacrylate

Dainton and coworkers (11) investigated the polymerization of various monomers with solutions of potassium in dimethoxyethane. Acrylonitrile gave low irreproducible yields of polymer, whereas methyl methacrylate and acrylamide gave no polymer. Styrene polymerized in a reproducible manner to give "living polystyrene. Their data support an ion-radical mechanism with a slow dimerization of the radicals. A 100% yield of polymer was obtained in < 3 seconds, but the optimum molecular weight was not obtained for > 8—9 seconds. 

Radiation Induced Reactions. Graft polymers have been prepared from poly(vinyl alcohol) by the irradiation of the polymer-monomer system and some other methods. The grafted side chains reported include acrylamide, acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, ethyl acrylate, ethylene, ethyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, styrene, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, vinyl pyridine and vinyl pyrrolidone (13). Poly(vinyl alcohols) with grafted methyl methacrylate and sometimes methyl acrylate have been studied as membranes for hemodialysis (14). Graft polymers consisting of 50% poly(vinyl alcohol), 25% poly(vinyl acetate) and 25% grafted ethylene oxide units can be used to prepare capsule cases for drugs which do not require any additional plasticizers (15). 

Similar increases in k with ultrasonic intensity have been found for other polymers such as polystyrene [44], poly(methyl methacrylate) [45], poly(dimethylsiloxane) [46], poly(ethyleneoxide), hydroxyethyl cellulose, poly(vinyl acetate), poly(acrylamide)... 

Ouchi et al. synthesized l,2-mono-0-isopropylidene-3-[3-(5-fluorouracil-l-yl)propionyl]-6-0-acryloyl-a-D-glucofuranose and copolymerized it with acrylamide [143], Ozaki et al. synthesized l-(meth)acryloyloxymethyl-5-fluorouracils and copolymerized with a number of comonomers, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, and methyl methacrylate [144]. All the above mentioned polymer bound drugs possessed biological activity. 

The ozonization method has been extended to the most varied polymer/monomer systems, such as polybutadiene-03 with acrylamide, methyl methacrylate or styrene, cellulose-03 with styrene or acrylonitrile (127), starch-03 with styrene (126). In this last case the formation of some homopolystyrene as side-product has been mentionned by the authors. The starch-styrene graft copolymers are claimed to be good emulsifiers for water-oil suspensions. 

Photolysis of this polymer gives radicals on which side chains can be formed, giving graft polymerization 122, 123, 153). Similarly the polymerization of styrene (152) or vinyl acetate (157) in the presence of bromotrichloromethane gives telomers carrying terminal bromine atoms and trichloromethyl groups. By ultraviolet irradiation (3500 A) in the presence of methyl methacrylate the carbon-bromine links are broken and block copolymers are formed. The telomerization of acrylonitrile and acrylic acid with bromoform is based on the same technique the end groups of both polyacrylonitrile and polyacrylic acid were photolyzed in the presence of acrylamide and afforded polyacrylamide blocks linked to polyacrylonitrile or polyacrylic acid blocks (164, 165). 

Acrylonitrile resembles VC, a carcinogen, in structure. It is a flammable, explosive liquid (b.p. 77 C, V.P. 80 mm at 20°C). AN is a component of acrylic and modacrylic fibers produced by copolymerization with other monomers, e.g., with methyl acrylate, Me-methacrylate, vinyl acetate, VC and VDC. Other major uses of AN include copolymerizations with butadiene and styrene to produce ABS polymers, and with styrene to yield SAN resins which are used in the manufacture of plastics. Nitrile elastomers and latexes are also made with AN, as are a number of other chemicals, e.g. acrylamide and adiponitrile. Acrylonitrile is also used as a fumigant. 

Banks, M., Ebdon, J. R., and Johnson, M., The flame-retardant effect of diethylvinyl phosphonate in copolymers with styrene, methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile and acrylamide, Polymer, 1994, 35, 3470-3473. 

Fe(III)-protoporphyrin-IX-dimethylester (7d) (0.03 mol%) was copolymerized with 7-conjugated monomers like styrene or methyl methacrylate in bulk and acrylamide in methanol using radicalic initiators Increasing the ratio of [7d]/[styrene] the molecular weight decreased (Table 3) indicating a chain transfer efiect of the porphyrin (chain transfer coeffident C,= 2.3). On the other side the content of covalent bond is increasing (Table 3). Therefore it is supposed that the observed reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) led to an addition of one porphyrin only at the chain end to give the polymer (34) (Eq. 14). 

Preparation of grafted starches on synthetic polymers. Ce salts are used to oxidize starch and generate free radicals that react with certain monomers (methyl methacrylates, acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, acrylamide, etc.)... 

Much effort has been devoted over the last few years to preparing branched cellulose or cellulose derivatives, by combining the cellulose backbone with a synthetic polymer which confers desirable properties. The length of these branches or grafts varies considerably, depending on the copolymerization conditions. The most widely used monomers are acrylic and vinyl monomers, with the following order of reactivity [16] ethyl acrylate > methyl methacrylate > acrylonitrile > acrylamide > styrene. 

Typical polymeric pseudostationary phases include micelle polymers, polymeric surfactants, water-soluble anionic siloxanes and dendrimers [223-231]. Micelle polymers [e.g. poly(sodium 10-undecylenate), poly (sodium 10-undecenylsulfate), poly(sodium undeconylvalinate), etc.] are synthesized from polymerizable surfactant monomers at a concentration above their critical micelle concentration. These polymers have similar structures to micelles without the dynamic nature of the micelle structure. Polymeric surfactants are polymers with surfactant properties [e.g. acrylate copolymers, such as 2-acrylamide-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid and alkyl methacrylamide, alkyl methacrylate or alkyl acrylate, poly (ally lamine)-supported phases, poly(ethyleneimine), etc]. Water-soluble anionic siloxane polymers are copolymers of alkylmethylsiloxane... 

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