Acriflavine

Burns caused by dry heat (e.g., by flames, hot objects, etc.). For slight bums in which the skin is not broken, apply tannic acid jelly ( Tannafax ), acriflavine jelly ( Bumol ) or butesin picrate ointment (butesin is re-butyl J aminobenzoate). 

Acids on the skin. Wash immediately and thoroughly with a liberal quantity of water, then with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, and finally with water. For a serious acid bum, follow this by applying a disinfectant, drying the skin and covering with acriflavine jelly. 

Bromine on the skin. Wash the aflected part immediately with a liberal supply of light petroleum, b.p. 80-100°, and then rub glycerine well into the skin. After a little time remove the superficial glycerine and apply acriflavine jelly or butesin picrate ointment. 

Sodium on the skin. If a small solidified fragment of sodium can still be seen, remove it carefully with forceps. Wash thoroughly with water, then with 1 per cent, acetic acid, and finally cover with gauze soaked in olive oil or acriflavine jelly. 

Acriflavine [8048-52-0] M 196.2, pK >12. Treated twice with freshly ppted AgOH to remove proflavine, then recrystd from absolute methanol [Wen and Hsu J Phys Chem 66 1353 1962]. 

Acriflavin Mixture (Euflavin, 3,6-diamino-lO-metbylacridiniuni chloride) [8063-24-9] M 259.7, m 179-181 . Purified by dissolving in 50 parts of H2O, shake with a small excess of freshly ppted and washed Ag20. The mixture is set aside overnight at 0 and filtered. The cake is not washed. The pH of the filtrate is adjusted to 7.0 with HCl and evaporated to dryness. The residue is then crystd twice from MeOH, twice from H2O and dried at 120 X ,ax at 452nm has a loge value of 4.67. It is a red powder which readily absorbs H2O. The solubility is increased in the presence of proflavin. The dihydrochloride is a deep red crystn powder. It is available as a mixture of 3,6-diaminoacridinium chloride (35%) and its 10-metho-chloride (65%). [see Albert, The Acridines Arnold Press p. 346 1966 Chem Ber 45 1787 1912]. 

The acridine dyes, including proflavine, acriflavine and aminacrine, have also been employed for skin disinfection and treatment of infected wounds or burns. They are slow-acting and mainly bacteriostatic in effect, with no useful fungicidal or sporicidal... 

Acridine dyes used as antiseptics, i.e. proflavine and acriflavine, will react specifically with nucleic acids, by fitting into the double helical structure of this unique molecule. In so doing they interfere with its function and can thereby cause cell death. 

An alternative to most of these mechanisms is the existence of efficient efflux systems, so that toxic concentrations of the drug are not achieved. There are three major families of proton-dependent multidrug efflux systems (1) the major facilitator superfamily, (2) the small multidrug resistance family, and (3) the resistance/nodulation/cell division family (Paulsen et al. 1996). It should be emphasized that several of these systems are involved not with antibiotic efflux but with, for example, acriflavine, chlorhexidine, and crystal violet. An attempt is made only to outline a few salient features of the resistance/nodulation/cell division family that mediates antibiotic efflux, and these are given in Table 3.3 (Nikaido 1996). They consist of a transporter, a linker, and an outer membrane channel. 

Acridine derivatives, such as acriflavine (1.31), can be regarded as relatives of the diphenylmethane class in which the two benzene nuclei are linked by nitrogen to form a pyridine ring. Their insignificance nowadays resembles that of their relatives, but they were formerly useful mainly as orange or yellow basic dyes [28]. 

The antiseptic acriflavine (6.203) is obtained by condensation of m-phenylenediamine with glycerol and oxalic acid, followed by methylation of the product. 

EC, Escherichia coir, ST, Salmonella Typhimurium BS, Bacilllus sp. LM, Listeria monocytogenes-, SC, Saccharo-myces cerevisiae-, AF, Acriflavin Neutrd RB, Rose Bengal MG, Malachite Green PhB, Phloxine B. 

Acriflavine proflavine Orange-yellow acridine dye. ACRINOL 0.1% cream. Effective against gram -i-ve bacteria gonococci. Activity enhanced in alkaline medium. Used in chronic ulcers wounds... 

Combination of gentian violet (0.25%) + brilliant green (0.25%) + acriflavine (0.1%) (TRIPLE DYE) Used for burns for dressing umbilical stump in neonates. 

Acriflavine and proflavine have historically been used as topical antiseptics in human and veterinary medicine. In aquatic species, acriflavine has been... 

Commercially available acriflavinc is a mixture of acriflavine and proflavine, in which proflavine forms 30-35% of the total dye. For treatment of fish, commercial acriflavine is usually administered in a bath solution at various levels, depending on treatment duration (82). Acriflavine is not regulated for use in food fish aquaculture in the United States. 

When channel catfish were intravascularly dosed with radiolabeled acriflavine or proflavine, total residue equivalent concentrations were highest in the excretory organs and lowest in muscle, fat, and plasma (84). In proflavine-dosed fish, residues in liver and trunk kidney were composed primarily of glucuronosyl and acetyl conjugates of proflavine residues in muscle were composed mostly of the parent drug. In acriflavine-dosed fish, the parent compound made up 90% of the total residues in all tissues examined. 

Prolonged extraction was not required when acidified methanol was employed for the extraction of acriflavine and proflavine from catfish tissues (507), when acetonitrile was used for the extraction of methylene blue and four metabolites from milk (508), or when dichloromethane in presence of sodium sulfate was employed for the extraction of leucogentian violet from chicken fat (491-494). 

Acriflavine, Catfish MeOH/HOAc extn. 14 Ultremex 5CN, 5 Sodium acetate. Vis 454 nm 5 ppb/ 507... 

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