Acidic components, typical

Most modern hydrocracking processes are catalytic, and the catalyst employed is usually dual functional with both a hydrogenation component and an acidic component. Typical acidic components include amorphous silica-alumina, alumina, and a large family of zeolites. Typical hydrogenation components are noble metals such as palladium and platinum and nonnoble metals such as nickel, cobalt, tungsten, and molybdenum. The latter metals are usually in sulfided form. 

Source of Oil Major Fatty Acid Components, Typical Type of oir Iodine Number CAS No. 

The most important coating appHcation for the nonreactive polyamide resins is in producing thixotropy. Typical coating resins such as alkyds, modified alkyds, natural and synthetic ester oils, varnishes, and natural vegetable oils can be made thixotropic by the addition of dimer acid-based polyamide resins (see Alkyd resins). Specialty high performance coating appHcations often requite the properties imparted by dimer acid components. 

The sex pheromones of moths generally are mixtures of two or more chemical components, typically aldehydes, acetates, alcohols, or hydrocarbons, produced in specialized glands by biosynthesis and modification of fatty acids (34). Often, a species-specific blend of components is the message, and males of many moth species, including M. sexta, give their characteristic, qualitatively and quantitatively optimal behavioral responses only when stimulated by the correct blend of sex-pheromone components and not by individual components or partial blends lacking key components (43, 44). 

Inorganic species in soil are generally extracted with either water or an acid solution typically containing hydrochloric acid. Various other components that aid either in the solubilization, extraction, or stabilization of extracted inorganics, such as chelates, are also often added during the extraction process. Basic extractions are not as commonly used as are acid extractions with a few notable exceptions. The use of ion exchange resins to extract ions from soil is well established. 

The amide (typically a tertiary one) or the ester derived from the carboxylic acid component in classical Ugi and Passerini reactions can undergo nucleophilic S Ac by various nucleophiles [54], These post-condensation reactions, however, do not... 

Extraction by chemically active solvents. Not infrequently the crude organic product from a reaction may contain a mixture of acidic (phenols and carboxylic acids), basic and neutral components in various combinations. Some of these components may of course be impurities, but none the less, whether as a preliminary purification stage or as a means of separating the mixture, a carefully planned solvent extraction procedure may be adopted using acidic and basic reagents which react chemically with the basic and acidic components of the mixture respectively. The following full account of a typical procedure may be abbreviated in practice according to the complexity of the mixture to be handled. 

A typical high-efficiency fractionation system (Fig. 36.14) consists of one continuous straight distillation and one, or preferably two fractionation columns.I0,17a,b This system is very efficient for the separation of low-boiling fatty acid components,6,10 a C12 fraction of 99.5 percent purity from coconut fatty acid or a C22 fraction of 95 percent purity from rapeseed fatty acid is readily obtained. 

Safflower Oil, Unhydrogenated, occurs as a light yellow oil. It is obtained from the plant Carthamus tinctorius (Fam. Asteraceae) by mechanical expression or solvent extraction. It is refined, bleached, and deodorized to substantially remove free fatty acids, phospholipids, color, odor and flavor components, and miscellaneous other non-oil materials. It is a liquid at 21° to 21°, but traces of wax may cause the oil to cloud unless removed by winterization. Safflower Oil has the highest linoleic acid [(Z),(Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid] content (typically about 78% of total fatty acids) of any known oil. It is free from visible foreign matter at 21° to 21°. 

Typical photoresponsive polypeptides exhibiting a helix-helix transition upon photoirradiation are shown in Fig. 1. These polypeptides are composed of l-aspartates as the amino acid component. The poly(l-aspartic acid esters) are the most thoroughly investigated polypeptides with respect to their ordered structures... 

Calcium carbonate is not an acceptable texturiser in products where there is an acid component to the flavour - obviously, the calcium carbonate reacts with the acid to produce carbon dioxide. Typically, acids are only used in fruit-flavoured products, and here, talc must be used as a texturiser. If, by accident, calcium carbonate is used the carbon dioxide generated could blow up a sealed package causing the packaging to fail. The acid flavour is also lost through the acid-carbonate reaction. 

The catalysts used for dewaxing are usually bifimctional in nature with Pt being the hydrogenation-dehydrogenation conq>onent and a large pore typically 12MR zeolite provides the acidic component [1]. ZSM-5 is the catalyst used in Mobil s Distillate Dewaxing (MDDW)... 

The second reaction is a macrolactonization which is performed with retention of configuration at C-15. Therefore the acid component has to be activated and the Yamaguchi-Yonemitsu macrolactonization method was chosen. For the detailed mechanism see the Key Chemistry of this chapter. Typical conditions are TCBC, EtsN, THF,... 

Scheme XIV shows the reaction path of dual functional isomerization with its side-reactions which detract from perfect selectivity. For a given high activity of the acidic component Y, the temperature requirement for (intermediate) olefin isomerization activity drops rapidly as we go from low carbon number to high carbon number paraffins. This is pictured purely qualitatively in Fig. 14. A typical metal component such as platinum-...

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