Acid Orange 7 Dye

Alkaline Coupling Process. Orange II [633-96-5] (21) (Cl Acid Orange 7 Cl 15510) a monoazo dye discovered ia 1876, serves as an example of the production of an azo dye by alkaline coupling. A suspension of diazotized sulfanilic acid (0.1 mol) is added to a solution (cooled to about 3°C) of 14.4 g 2-naphthol dissolved ia 15 g 30% sodium hydroxide, 25 g sodium carbonate, and 200 mL of water. The temperature should not be allowed to rise above 5°C. The reaction is heated until solution occurs and the dye is precipitated with 100 g sodium chloride. The mixture is cooled and filtered, and the product is dried. 

With Orange I [574-69-6] (34) (Cl Acid Orange 20 Cl 14600) the naphthalene moiety was iatroduced to azo chemistry. Basacid Red 340 [1658-56-6] (35) (Cl Acid Red 88 Cl 15620) the first red azo dye of technical value was discovered by BASF ia 1876. Its previous name was Fast Red AV and it is stiU produced ia large amounts ia the United States because of its low cost and good dyeiag and fastness properties. This dye became the prototype of a large number of red azo dyes that were developed simultaneously with the iatroduction of new derivatives of naphthalene. 

Of these dyes, Acid Yellow 151 (37) still has the greatest market among the yellows. As reported by USITC, production had increased to 1989 tons in 1985 from 706 tons in 1975. It is produced by coupling diazotized 2-amino-l-phenol-4-sulfonamide to acetoacetanilide followed by metallizing with cobalt to obtain a 1 2 cobalt complex. Acid Orange 24 (38), which is sulfanilic acid coupled to resorcinol to which diazotized mixed xyUdines have been coupled, is an unsymmetrical primary diasazo dye with a bihinctional coupling component. 

Compression-molded devices of poly(N-palmitoyl hydroxyproline ester) (side chain length 16 carbons), poly(N-decanoylhydroxy-proline ester) (side chain length 10 carbons), and poly(JN-hexanoyl-hydrox roline ester) (side chain length 6 carbons) were prepared with dye contents of 1,5,10, and 20% of either -nitroaniline or acid orange. Release curves were obtained by placing the loaded devices into phospate buffer (pH 7.4) at 37 C. The amount of released dye was followed spectrophotometrically in the usual fashion. 

As surfactants are often used in textile processing, it is important to note that anionic or cationic surfactants can inhibit the action of enzymes, as has been reported in the case of cellulases used for the treatment of cotton [140]. Dyes can also inhibit enzyme activity for example, Cl Direct Red 28 has been shown to have a much greater inhibitory effect than Cl Acid Orange 7 [141]. 

Various industrial sectors related to textiles, paper, and photography use dyes of synthetic origin with a complex aromatic molecular structure, which are frequently discharged in industrial effluents. One solution to these environmental problems is to use oxidative enzymes that destroy colored compounds and that may be of practical interest for the decolorization of synthetic dyes. Enzymes such as LiPX and MnPX are involved in the decolorization of synthetic azo dyes, such as Acid Orange II. 

Aeromonas caviae, Proteus mirabilis, Rhodococcus sp. Acid Orange 7 More than 90% decolorization of the dye was achieved in 16 h [58]... 

Bacillus fusiformis Disperse Blue 79, Acid Orange 10 The dyes were completely mineralized within 48 h [60]... 

Shewanella J18 143 Remazol Black B, Acid Orange 7 Anaerobic cultures of Shewanella strain J18 143 rapidly removed color from the azo dye Remazol Black B in the growth medium to produce an absorbance at 597 nm of less than 1 in under 40 min [86]... 

Dye contaminated soil and sludge Acid Orange-7, yeast extract Consortium consisting of Aeromonas caviae, Proteus mirabilis and Rhodococcus globerulus [58]... 

Acid Orange 7 Sludge originally collected from a pulp and paper wastewater treatment plants Color removal of 96% was achieved in the presence of liposomes that facilitated uptake of dyes by anaerobic biomass, leading to a fast decolorization. Amines such as sulfanilic acid and aniline were mineralized by inocula with high microbiological diversity, even with domestic effluent. Orthanilic and metanilic acids and 1-amino-2-naphtol were persistent under tested conditions [176]... 

Acid Orange 7 Granular activated carbon-biofilm configured packed column With initial 500 mg L-1 dye concentration, a complete decolorization was achieved in all runs although the cosubstrates added into the BGAC-packed column system reduced until to zero [177]... 

Acid Orange 7 and many other dyes Bacterial consortium TJ-1 consisting of Aeromonas caviae, Proteus mirabilis, and Rhodococcus globerulus Decolorization of Acid Orange 7 was significantly higher with the consortium as compared to the individual strains. More than 90% decolorization could be achieved even at 200 mg L 1 within 16 h. The consortium also decolorized 15 other azo dyes individually as well as a simulated wastewater containing a mixture of all the 16 azo dyes [58]... 

Kolekar YM, Pawar SP, Gawai KR, Lokhande PD, Shouche YS, Kodam KM (2008) Decolorization and degradation of Disperse Blue 79 and Acid Orange 10, by Bacillus fusiformis KMK5 isolated from the textile dye contaminated soil. Bioresour Technol 99 8999-9003... 

Mendez-Paz D, Omil F, Lema JM (2005) Anaerobic treatment of azo dye Acid Orange 7 under fed-batch and continuous conditions. Wat Res 39 771-778... 

Mezohegyi G, Kolodkin A, Castro UI, Bengoa C et al (2007) Effective anaerobic decoloriza-tion of azo dye Acid Orange 7 in continuous upflow packed-bed reactor using biological activated carbon system. Ind Eng Chem Res 46 6788-6792... 

Anaerobic phase. Nitrogen was sparged at 5 nL/h and the liquid feeding was stopped. The concentration of acid orange 7 at the beginning of the anaerobic phase was set at the pre-fixed value by injecting concentrated dye solution into the reactor. The reactor was operated under batch conditions with respect to the liquid phase. 

Fig. 6 Acid orange 7 and phenol concentration in the internal loop airlift reactor operated with Pseudomonas sp. 0X1 biofilm on natural pumice. (A) Aerobic phase. Gas air. Liquid continuous feeding of phenol supplemented synthetic medium. (AN) Anaerobic phase. Gas nitrogen. Liquid batch conditions, dye supplemented medium...

Coughlin MF, Kinkle BK, Bishop PL (2003) High performance degradation of azo dye Acid Orange 7 and sulfanilic acid in a laboratory scale reactor after seeding with cultured bacterial strains. Water Res 37 2757-2763... 

Ong SA, Toorisaka E, Hirata M et al (2008) Granular activated carbon-biofilm configured sequencing batch reactor treatment of C.I. Acid Orange 7. Dyes Pigm 76 142-146... 

Zhang H, Duan L, Zhang Y et al (2005) The use of ultrasound to enhance the decolorization of the C.I. Acid Orange 7 by zero-valentiron. Dyes Pigm 65 39 13... 

The decolorization potential of immobilized P. chrysosporium MTCC 787 for azo dyes Acid Orange, Acid Red 114, triphenylmethane dye Methyl Violet, diazoic dye Congo Red, vat dye Vat Magenta, thiazine dye Methylene Blue, and anthraqui-none Acid Green was demonstrated by Radha et al. [53]. Decolorization experiments were carried out with immobilized calcium alginate (Ca-ALG) beads of different sizes (2-6 mm). 

They found the percentage decolorization decrease with increasing bead diameter for all dyes. Adsorption was determined by Ca-ALG beads (without immobilization) and it showed an initial reduction of 20% of the color. The immobilized fungus in Ca-ALG beads showed a low K,lyl. value for the Congo Red, a high K,lyl. value for Acid Orange and almost a constant value for Acid Red 114. They reported that P. chrysosporium was not able to decolorize Acid Green at a concentration... 

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