Acid optimisation technolog

One approach which enables lower water concentrations to be used for rhodium-catalysed methanol carbonylation is the addition of iodide salts, especially lithium iodide, as exemplified by the Hoechst-Celanese Acid Optimisation (AO) technology [30]. Iodide salt promoters allow carbonylation rates to be achieved at low (< 4 M) [H2O] that are comparable with those in the conventional Monsanto process (where [H20] > 10 M) while maintaining catalyst stability. In the absence of an iodide salt promoter, lowering the water concentration would result in a decrease in the proportion of Rh existing as [Rh(CO)2l2] . However, in the iodide-promoted process, a higher concentration of methyl acetate is also employed, which reacts with the other components as shown in Eqs. 3, 7 and 8 ... 

In the future it might be possible to see the gas diffusion technology generating chlorine with energy consumption at 1500 kWh. The chlorine will be used in the direct chlorination of ethane to feed the vinyl chain. Side streams of HC1 will be used in oxychlorination where ethylene is available and this will use up by-product acid from isocyanates. Site integration will increase to benefit from economies of scale and optimise hydrogen chloride production. 

The mechanical properties of the surface-modified products were examined by a special shear test. After reactive surface modification under optimised chemical and technological conditions, the test specimens were cut and the pieces were bonded by special adhesives. The coimected pieces were examined in a shear test and the shear strength was determined in dependence on the chemical and processing conditions. The best results for polyamides were obtained for polyacrylic acid as the modifier with an increase of the shear strength from 28 MPa (non-modified polyamide) up to 37 MPa for polyacrylic acid-modified polyamide surfaces. 

Chemical engineers develop, operate and optimise chemical and physical processes that take raw materials and transform them into products that are either feedstocks for the domestic market or have direct application in it refining of petrol, produchon of acids or alkalis, processes to produce foods and medicines. They must simultaneously understand the micro (chemistry, physics, mathematics) and macro (engineering) elements. The ability to make the link between the two is expanding the horizons of chemical engineering into areas of new technology, particularly those with a biotech focus. 

Kliemann, E Simas, K. N Amante, E. R Prudencio, E. S Teofilo, R. F Ferreira, M. M.C Amboni, R.D.M.C. Optimisation of pectin acid extraction from passion fruit peel (Passiflora edulis flavicarpa) using response surface methodology. International Journal of Food Science Technology, v. 44, n. 3, p. 476-483, 2009. 

Predominantly ecological aspects will have a decisive influence on the continuance and development in the surfactant field, whilst the price, availability and technological properties have, in recent decades, been the main factors in the development of new surfactants and in the optimisation of the types presently known. About 80% of the surfactants used today are based on crude oil. The remainder is provided by natural alcohols and fatty acids. In the long term, major changes can be caused by new aspects with regard to raw material bases. 

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