Accumulation, of data

An experienced inspection engineer will attempt to identify the characteristics of a given structure to determine potential. specific critical damage mechanisms. No individual major concrete structure can be adequately analysed by simple mass-accumulation of data and using criteria, which are based on standard codes. This does not mean that either data-collection or available criteria are not useful, but they should be exercised with care and flexibility and the procedures for inspection customised for the given structure. 

The enormous increase in the number of groups working in this domain, in concert with the advances in the fundamental techniques of chromatography and laboratory automation (screening technologies) have led to the rapid and unprecedented accumulation of data [1]. 

The use of the older restricted version of the Pauli principle has persisted, however, and is routinely employed to develop the electronic version of the periodic table. Modern chemistry appears to be committing two mistakes. Firstly, there is a rejection of the classical chemical heritage whereby the classification of elements is based on the accumulation of data on the properties and reactions of elements. Secondly, modem chemistry looks to physics with reverence and the false assumption that therein lies the underlying explanation to all of chemistry. Chemistry in common with all other branches of science appears to have succumbed to the prevailing tendency that attempts to reduce everything to physics (11). In the case of the Pauli principle, chemists frequently fall short of a full understanding of the subject matter, and... 

In general, a pesticide was banned because of an accumulation of data on negative effects, effects that were not observed or were considered acceptable at the time the permit was issued. Table 1.7 contains a list of popular pesticides, and gives an idea of how our government changed its thinking towards them. Here, as in other tables, the names of those pesticides banned after many years of use are shaded. 

This rather recently acquired ability to generate transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data in almost intimidating quantities has far-reaching impact on all biological sciences and already shapes the face of most of the current molecular biology. However, paraphrasing Poincare, a mere accumulation of data and disconnected facts is no more knowledge than a heap of stones is a house. Concomitant to the development of novel experimental methods,... 

The experimental techniques for obtaining data suitable for a LFER are relatively simple, but the number of necessary measurements is large, in comparison with most physical probes for which the opposite is usually true. However, the otherwise inaccessible information gained makes the task worthwhile this may stimulate the development of methods for rapid or automated accumulation of data. 

The accumulation of data on these metallic complexes in the area of solar energy conversion and storage [2], has allowed a rationalisation of the photochemistry of these compounds [3,4], Therefore they can now be easily applied in the context of DNA biochemistry. 

Like always in NMR 118), when the single-scan signal-to-noise ratio SjN) is insufficient for a precise evaluation of the acquired data, it can be enhanced by averaging or, more frequently, accumulating, of data sets obtained in a number of repeated scans. Multiple-scan data accumulation also opens a number of novel experimental possibilities extending beyond... 

An abstract comes at the very beginning of your paper. It is usually required for scientific or mathematical papers that have involved the accumulation of data or facts based upon scientific experiments or formulas. Sometimes, however, it is required for papers written on historical or other subjects. An abstract is simply a short, succinct summary of your paper. It is no more than a paragraph in length and should be written after you have completed your entire paper even though it comes at the beginning of your work. In essence, you can think of an abstract as the blurb or commentary that you see on the back of a book cover. While these blurbs are usually written on the back of books so that readers will buy them. 

The accumulation of data on the psychotropic effects of estrogen as well as the cumulative knowledge on estrogen s effects in animals and in vitro studies promise that estrogen itself or similar synthetic derivatives would eventually have an important role as antidepressants and/or cognition enhancers. 

The system has a specific capability for the resolution of very complex mixtures in which large energy peaks tend to mask small adjacent ones. It is therefore particularly suitable for rigorous studies of the slow incorporation of low levels of radionuclides into biological or environmental systems. It should encourage investigation in these areas, where up to now the accumulation of data has been slow, laborious, and expensive. 

The development of synchrotron radiation as an X-ray source404 416 418 has permitted accumulation of data for electron density difference maps in less than 1 s and it is expected that such data can eventually be acquired in 1 ps.419-421 If a suitable photochemical reaction can be initiated by a picosecond laser flash, a substrate within a crystalline enzyme can be watched as it goes through its catalytic cycle. An example is the release of inorganic phosphate ions from a "caged phosphate" (Eq. 3-49) and study of the reaction of the released phosphate with glycogen phosphorylase (Chapter 12).422/423... 

The phenomenon of catalysis is a subject of chemical kinetics, as follows from Ostwald s definition of catalysis. Therefore, the accumulation of data on the kinetics of concrete catalytic reactions favors the progress of the theory of catalysis. 

How may we distinguish between pathways that involve external attack by hydroxide and those that involve co-ordinated hydroxide There is a considerable accumulation of data that suggest the two latter pathways are the most important (i.e., attack of external hydroxide upon monodentate amino acid ester is not greatly accelerated). The attack by external hydroxide may be studied independently and accurate rate constants may be determined for insertion in the composite rate equation with the two competing processes. In some cases it is possible to detect the five-co-ordinate and the other intermediates. Finally, some elegant labelling studies have provided very strong evidence for the exi-... 

In conclusion, we believe we are in a rather good shape with our BET, particularly since NCQP [8] has become available. We expect to start shortly to produce numerical results that could be compared with a variety of experimental data. As we stressed above, we can now go beyond the bounds of the BCS theory. Also, the rather general framework of BET, constructed in KT3, now allows us to take into account the non-collective, as well as collective components in a rather systematic way. Further accumulation of data, pertaining to both kinds of levels, is thus highly hoped for,... 

Theoretical chemistry is informed by the observation of charge density distributions in crystals and molecules, and these do not appear as sets of discrete points. Conventional wisdom implicates the time scale of diffraction experiments for building up, what appears to be diffuse charge densities, by the statistical accumulation of data points. However, not only does quantum theory deny the existence of electronic positions and paths, but until it has been shown experimentally that the data points appear sequentially, the statistical argument is no more persuasive than the wave-mechanical. 

In this chapter we will discuss current approaches for analytical characterization of combinatorial libraries in a pharmaceutical industry environment. Recently, several analytical groups have presented very similar strategies for analysis of libraries [7-9]. As will be shown later, the key to successful analytical characterization of a combinatorial library is to perform analytical and chemical work in parallel with the library development. The accumulation of data and analytical experience during this process results in an assessment of library quality with a high level of confidence, even if as little as 5-10% of the library components are analyzed. Utilization of the strategy will be demonstrated using two examples analysis of a library synthesized on a robotic station in spatially addressed format and analysis of a library synthesized in accordance with split-and-mix technology. 

Finally, mention should be made of the earlier reviews of Parker (1962, 1969) and the monograph by Coetzee and Ritchie (1969) which, either directly or by inspiration, have been largely responsible for the accumulation of data which has made this article possible. 

When the accumulation of data makes semantic phenomena familiar, however, a new phase will necessarily begin, since biologists will have to face the problem of accounting for the very existence of organic codes in nature. It is unlikely that an answer may come from a biology which has systematically ignored these codes, and which accepted the genetic code only because it could not do otherwise. 

The accumulation of data needed to predict the course of chemical reactions is often hindered by the presence of small concentrations of very unstable intermediates. It is just these highly reactive species, difficult to determine analytically, that are the indispensable link in the chain of causes and consequences in all processes where the substrate is transformed to the product by a chemical reaction. 

The treatment of all those properties of electrolyte solutions, where selective solvation of ions in mixed solvents may play a major role, would result in an accumulation of data hard to follow up. Therefore, only those theoretical treatments of ion solvation have been mentioned in the following whose results have been used to ... 

More generally, use of a limited number of samples collected in previous or other on-going studies would serve to tie the various studies together and to facilitate interpolation and extrapolation. That is, the time has come to concentrate on the generation of information as opposed to the accumulation of data. 

With the accumulation of data, there is developing a gradual realization of the generality of polymorphic behavior, but to many chemists polymorphism is still a strange and unusual phenomenon. (Buerger and Bloom 1937)... 

According to the University of California at Berkeley (57), it has taken 300,000 years for humankind to accumulate 12 exabytes of data. It will take just 2.5 more years to create the next 12 exabytes. (An exabyte is 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes or a billion gigabytes.) This is a truly unimaginable amount of data, equivalent to the data stored on a pile of floppy disks 24 miles high. It is the rate of accumulation of data that is the key point of interest, however, and the fact that it is accelerating. 

Photoluminescence techniques will be applied to a broader range of systems, particularly oxide-supported sulfides (because of their important role in hydrotreating catalysis) as well as unsupported or oxide-supported (oxi)carbides or (oxi)nitrides (because of their growing importance as substitutes for noble metals and because they have metallic and acidic functions). Moreover, improved procedures for preparing catalytic materials will enable the design of tailored oxides with better defined characteristics, such as size, composition, and structure. The accumulation of data concerning the behavior of surface anions will also lead to a more refined view of the coordination chemistry of anions of nontransition elements. 

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