Access-barriers

So far, all of the discussion in this review has focused on the representation of polymer structure and polymer information. However, another significant challenge in the development of polymer informatics is access to polymer data. In this context, the term access takes on two distinct meanings, namely access to data in terms of access-barriers (e.g., proprietary data, copyright considerations, etc.) and access in terms of the formats in which polymer data is communicated, handled and exchanged. 

The first and obvious technical access barrier is the availability of data in digital form. While most modern documents are born digital , a lot of libraries will still only archive paper copies of scientific literature, although more and more... 

Firms that were intimidated by or unconvinced of the superiority of isolators developed the restricted-access barrier (RAB) system as a potentially less complex and less costly alternative [12]. The real-world utility of RABs systems is unknown there are still relatively few installations thus, the experience base is still emerging. Also unconfirmed at this point are the actual validation and ongoing process control requirements which make direct comparison of project time lines and overall costs with isolators somewhat speculative. 

ISPE (2005), Restricted access barrier systems (RABS) for aseptic processing, ISPE definition, Aug. 16. 

The accessibility barrier in Ps. aeruginosa also manifests itself as a much higher specific enzyme activity (enzyme units/mg dry wt. bacteria) being found in disrupted than in intact cells. 

The addition of ATP to anaerobic or terminally inhibited mitochondria or submitochondrial particles containing succinate Eo = 0.03 V at pH 7) induces reduction of cjdiochrome bj 16,17,65 see also 6 6). The original concept of the possible mechanism of this phenomenon described by Wilson and Dutton 19) was that the Eo of cytochrome f T changes because of the formation of a high energy derivative which is the primary intermediate for site 2 energy conservation reaction in oxidative phosphorylation. However, there has been another possible mechanism presented in which ATP can induce reduction of cytochrome bx by the decrease in the effective redox potential Ek) of the cytochrome because of reversed electron flow 57) or of the abolition of an accessibility barrier between the substrate and the cytochrome 58). The former explanation would be favored by the chemical hypothesis of oxidative phosphorylation, while the latter is favorable for the chemiosmotic hypothesis. 

The consequences of the SARS epidemic were remarkable. In Taiwan, as an example, the impact of the SARS epidemic on the utilization of medical services was studied [12]. Using interrupted time-series analysis and National Health Insurance data between January 2000 and August 2003, this study assessed the impact of SARS epidemic on medical service utilization in Taiwan. At the peak of the SARS epidemic, signihcant reductions in ambulatory care (23.9%), inpatient care (35.2%), and dental care (16.7%) were observed. People s fears of SARS appear to have had a strong impact on access to care. Adverse health outcomes resulting from accessibility barriers posed by the fear of SARS are signihcant. 

So, if clients in public-sector treatment programs are improving as a result of whatever level of services they receive, what problems exist with this situation First, many people who need treatment do not get it. According to the results in the 2003 National Household Survey, more than 20 million people in this country needed treatment but did not get it. Of course, the vast majority of those people (nearly 95 percent) did not believe they needed treatment. However, 1 million people felt they needed tteatment but did not get it. The reasons given by these people were— not ready to stop using (41 percent), cost/insurance barriers (33 percent), the stigma of alcohol and drug problems (nearly 20 percent), able to handle the problem without treatment (17 percent), access barriers other than... 

Martin Blume introduced the American Physical Society s policy on open access. He said that APS currently allows authors to put the PDF of an article up either on a personal or an institutional web page, if it is linked to the APS abstract. Thus, the article is essentially available free, but at the discretion of the author. According to Blume, this policy may be a first step toward immediate open access after publication, but that APS would like its journals to be totally available without access barriers. At the same time, APS currently has two journals that are open-access. One is Physical Review Special Topics Accelerators and Beams that is supported by institutional sponsorship. A second one is about to start—Special Topics Physics Education Research— which will be supported by author charges of about 1000 an article. 

If MSDSs are available electronically, be sure no access barriers exist and that a backup system is in place. 

Restriction of physical access (barriers, security officers to control access, eliminated parking near critical structures, landscaping to increase standoff distance),... 

---